DAT bootcamp Test 1 Flashcards
Do all cells have a nucleus
nope
What diseases are characterized by excessive apoptosis
Alzheimers
Parkinsons
Huntingsons disease
what is apoptosis
the process of programmed cell death
what else is similar between alzheimers, parkinsons, huntingtons disease
they are all neurodegenerative diseases
What kind of disease would result from insufficient apoptosis
cancerous growth
How are peripheral membrane proteins held in place
by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding
how would you cause peripheral membrane proteins to release from their place
change the salt concentrations
How would you cause integral proteins to be extracted
adding a detergent
how does adding a detergent cause intergral proteins to be extracted
The hydrophobic detergent will break down the membrane and expose the hydrophobic protein
What does a light centrifuge do to a solution
precipitates cells and nuclei at most
What could a heavy centrifuge do to a solution
they may extract small soluble proteins
What compounds were used in the Miller-Urey experiment
ammonia
Methane
Water
Hydrogen
If a toxin is released into the body that degenerates the microfilaments what part of the body will be most affected
Muscles, because actin is a microfilament
not spindle fibers for they are microtubules
What is the name of the structure that helps bacteria stick to a surface
Pili
What does flagella do for bacteria
flagella is like a tail of microtubules that allows bacteria to move
What is clathrin
a receptor protein on the surface of a cell
What are Teichoic acids
they are only found in gram-positive bacteria and they help to keep the cell wall rigid
When seeing in which situation a plant is doing more or less photosynthesis what do you look for
more CO2 being used up and going away, more O2 present
What does a reaction being Exergonic mean
that energy is produced, given off
What does an endergonic indicate
that the reaction required the input of energy
What does it mean when a plant cell is turgid
that it has taken up too much water
What does it mean when a plant cell undergoes plasmolysis
that it releases too much water a shrivels
What does the notochord eventually become
the spine
What is the notochord
a band of cartilage that runs the length of the body that will eventually become the spine
What does the spinal cord begin as
the dorsal neural tube
What are pharyngeal slits
in chordates they become gills or the pharynx
in urochordates they are part of the filter-feeding system
What is the muscular tail that extends behind the anus known as
the post-anal tail
What does the endostyle do
produces mucus for filter feeders
What is a poikilothermic
a cold blooded animal
What is a homeotherm
a warm blooded animal
What is unique about the cell walls of fungi
they use both glucans and chitin
They are the only organism that does
What is peristalsis
Muscle movement in the esophagus and the intestine responsible for food motility
What does reflux mean in the digestive system
food moving backwards in the digestive system
Oligodendrocytes are best associated with
the White matter of the brain because the white matter is caused by the myelin sheaths it makes
What is the main extracellular buffer system in the body
bicarbonate
What is the main intracellular buffer system in the body
phosphate and other proteins
How do marine fish maintain homeostasis
they constantly drink water, because they are constantly losing it
Are marine fish normally hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic to their environment
Hypoosmotic, it has less salt in it than the ocean
How often do marine fish urinate
rarely
What happens to the salt that marine fish ingest
they secrete it out
Are fresh water fish usually hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic
hyperosmotic, they have more salt than the water
So what happens with osmoregulation in freshwater fish
water flows into them so they have to constantly urinate to get rid of excess water.
do freshwater fish drink water
rarely
how do freshwater fish get the salt they need
they absorb it through the gills
Why does cartilage take a long time to heal
because it doesn’t have direct blood supply
Where is apoptosis used in embryological development
removal of the webbing of the fingers
In deuterostomes what does the first opening that forms give rise to
Anus
In protostomes what does the first opening that forms give rise to
Mouth
Are human embryo’s deuterostomes of protostomes
deuterostomes
What develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes
The blastophore or the opening in the archenteron
What eventually forms the placenta
Chorionic vili
Vitelline is a portion of the female egg in sea urchins that does what
binds the sperm
What is the part of the egg in mammals that binds the sperm
Zona pellucida
What does progesterone do in the process of fertilization
leads the sperm to the egg
What does the ZP3 protein do for the fertilization process
helps GalT activate the acrosome reaction
What is phrenology
the study of the contours of the brain
What are vectors
tools in biology used to transform the DNA of organisms for gene splicing
What is a cladogram for
determining if organisms are related, but not on a molecular or gene level. often they are based on phenotypes or physical appearance
What is a karyotype
a digital image of the size, shape, and number of chromosomes of an organism
What is an aneupoloid
when something has an abnormal amount of schromosomes
What does disomic refer to when talking of chromosomes
it is the same thing as diploid
What is the hardy-weinburg equilibrium equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p + q = 1
So if there are 9 out of 100 organsims that have recessive traits
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p + q = 1
What is Brackish water
a mix between salt water and fresh water
What is an estuary
where saltwater meets fresh water
What kind of water is in an estuary
brackish water
Can marshes be brackish water
yep
What is fitness in genetics
the ability reproduce and pass on inherited traits to their offspring
What determines an organisms reproductive fitness
the % viability of her offspring and the total number of offspring that live
What is interference competition
When the establishment of other individuals who would compete for mutual resources is prevented
what is allelopathy
a type of interference competition in which a toxic chemical is used
What is intraspecific competition
When competition for resources occurs within the same species
What is the largest biome on earth with long harsh snowy winters, short rainy and humid summers, and a landscape dominated by conifers
Taiga
What is the biome of dedacious forests like
They are known for having four distinct seasons
What is the savanna biome like
they have small grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees and have a rainy and dry season
What is the tundra biome like
regions that have short growing seasons, cold temperatures all year round, and a layer of permafrost over the soil
What are conifers
spruce, fir and pine trees
What is the tropical desert biome like
extremely high temperatures with sporadic rainfall
A sample of chromium oxide is 76.5% chromium by weight. What is the simplest formula of the oxide? A. CrO3 B. CrO2 C. CrO D. Cr2O E. Cr2O3
C. CrO
What you have to do is use the masses of each atom and see which combination is the mass of the total 76% chromium
In air bags, the reaction of sodium azide (NaN3, 65 g/mol) to form sodium and nitrogen gas is triggered by an electric current, thus expanding the air bag. If there are 65 grams of sodium azide in the air bag, how many mols of nitrogen gas are formed? A. 1 mol B. 1.5 mols C. 3 mols D. 5 mols E. 0.1 mols
B. 1.5 mols
Steps
write out the balanced reaction
NaN3 –> Na + 1.5N2
2NaN3 –> 2Na + 3N2
So if you have one mole of NaN3 then you have 1.5 moles of N2
3. How many grams of lead(II) sulfate (303 g/mol) are needed to react with sodium chromate (162 g/mol) in order to produce 0.162 kg of lead(II) chromate (323 g/mol)? A. 112.8 B. 151.5 C. 189.2 D. 289.6 E. 212.5
B. 151.5
- Write out the balanced reaction
PbSO4 + Na2CrO4 -> PbCrO4 + Na2SO4 - How many moles are we making
- how many moles do we need to use
- how many grams are in those moles
What is sulfate
SO4
What is chromate
CrO4
What is the combined gas law
(P1 x V1)/(n1 x T1) = (P2 x V2)/(n2 x T2)
What equation do you use when looking for moles of gas
PV = nRT
What does R = when using atm
.082
What does R = when using kPa
8.314
What is pressure at sea level
1 atm
how many degrees must you add to C to get K
273
The bond length of the chlorine molecule, Cl2, is 199 pm. On the other hand, a pure carbon structure, such as diamond, has C-C bond lengths of 154 pm. What is the bond length of a C-Cl bond? A. 154 pm B. 218 pm C. 176 pm D. 120 pm E. 188 pm
C. 176 pm
In order to get bond length you just need the average of the bond lengths between the two pure compounds
What is an electrolyte
an ion in water
what determines the melting point of a substance
the strength of the intermolecular forces between the molecues
What are the bonds like between pure elemental gasses like
they are covalent and non-polar, this gives rise to weak intermolecular forces
Which of the following solutions has the lowest freezing point? A. 0.20 m C6H12O6 B. 0.20 m Ba(NO3)2 C. 0.20 m H2SO4 D. 0.20 m Na3PO4 E. 0.20 m K2CrO4
D. 0.20 m Na3PO4
this is because it breaks down into the most particles in solution
What is the freezing point depression equation
ΔTF = -(KF · m · i)
T = temperature change K = constant m = molality i = van't Hoff Factor (number of particles in solution)
What does a large T if freezing point depression mean
a lower freezing point
What is the formula for osmotic pressure
Pie = iMRT
Pie = osmotic pressure i = van't hoff factor M = molarity R = constant T = temperature
An aqueous solution of potassium chloride is heated from 20C to 60C (no vaporization occurred). Which of the following occurs while the solution is being heated?
A. The mole fraction of solute decreases.
B. The mole fraction of solvent increases.
C. The density of the solution is constant.
D. The molarity of the solution is constant.
E. The molality of the solution is constant.
E. The molality of the solution is constant.
- Mol fractions don’t change since no KCl was added
- Density changes since volume changes
- molarity changes since volume changes
- molality doesn’t change since mass doesn’t change
What is thermal expansion
that the volume of a liquid increase due to added heat
If the conjugate base of a molecule has a pKb of 1.4, what would you expect the conjugate acid to be? A. Strong acid B. Weak acid C. Neutral D. Weak base E. Strong base
pKb + pKa = 14
pKa of conj, acid = 12.6
B. Weak acid
A researcher has a solution of 3M nitric acid that she needs to neutralize. In order to do this, she decides to add the acid to a solution to neutralize it. Which of the following would neutralize the acid the fastest? A. Br- B. Na3PO4 C. NH3 D. Cl- E. H2O
In order to neutralize an acid you want something that will absorb the most H+’s.
B. Na3PO4
Consider the below chemical equilibrium in a closed vessel at a constant temperature. The easiest method to measure the equilibrium constant for this system is to measure: Na2CO3(s) CO2(g) + Na2O(s)
A. the temperature of the reaction.
B. the pressure of the CO2 gas.
C. the molar concentrations of all the reactants.
D. the forward and reverse rate constants.
E. the mass of the solid present.
B. the pressure of the CO2 gas.
The equilbrium constant doesn’t include solids or liquids so the gas is the only determinant
What is the gibbs free energy equation and what does it do
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
helps us determine if a reaction is or isn’t spontaneous
Describe the reaction below. PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)→ PCl5(g) ; ΔHf = -87.9 kJ/mol A. spontaneous at all temperatures B. nonspontaneous at all temperatures C. ΔGrxn
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
ΔH is negative
ΔS is negative (because entropy decrease with fewer molecules than we started with
so ΔG is only negative when T is low
All of the following statements are true of entropy EXCEPT for one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Entropy will increase as temperature increases
B. Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
C. A spontaneous reaction can produce an increase in entropy
D. The entropy of a forward reaction is the same as the entropy of the reverse reaction
E. The entropy of a gas vessel increases as volume increases
D. The entropy of a forward reaction is the same as the entropy of the reverse reaction
The rate law of a certain reaction is rate = k[X][Y]2. The units of k is(are): A. s-1 B. M-1s-2 C. M-2s-1 D. M-1 E. M-1s-1
Steps
1. Add up exponents in the rate law to find what order the reaction is
1 + 2 = 3
Third order reaction = M^-2s^-1
what do the units of K look like as order reaction changes
First order: s^-1
Second order: M^-1s^-1
Third order: M^-2s^-1
You start out with s^-1 and just add an M^-1 with every increase in reaction order
Given the reaction 2A + B –> C and the provided table with various concentrations and initial rates, what is the correct rate law? Assume the rate constant K does not change.
Trial [A] [B] Rate
1 0.05 0.05 6.5 x 10-2
2 0.05 0.1 6.5 x 10-2
3 0.1 0.05 0.13
A. rate = k[A]1[B]1 B. rate = k[B]1 C. rate = k[A]1 D. rate = k[A]2[B]1 E. rate = k[A]1[B]2
- A change in the concentration of B doesn’t affect the reaction rate so it wont be found in the rate law B = zero order
- A double in the concentration of A doubles the reaction rate so it is first order
C. rate = k[A]1
Two half-reactions of silver(I) solution are set up in an galvanic cell with differing concentrations. In this concentration cell, which of the following is driving the current?
A. Voltage from an external battery source
B. Attraction of electrons to the higher concentration of Ag+ ions
C. Deposition of balancing ions from the salt bridge into the half reactions
D. Tendency for the two differing concentrations to equalize due to entropy
E. Deposition of electrons and ions onto the anode
D. Tendency for the two differing concentrations to equalize due to entropy
Which of the following best describes the bond character for aluminum sulfide (Al2S3)? A. Polar covalent B. Covalent C. Ionic D. Hydrophobic E. Hydrogen bonding
A. Polar covalent
Single, double, and triple covalent bonds exist in chemistry. Why does N2 have a triple covalent bond whereas O2 only has a double covalent bond?
A. Nitrogen is unable to form a double bond due to its uneven amount of non-bonding electrons.
B. Having 5 valence electrons, Nitrogen fills it’s octet by sharing 3 bonding pairs of electrons.
C. Oxygen is more electronegative than Nitrogen and therefore cannot make as many bonds as Nitrogen.
D. Oxygen has only 4 valence electrons, which results in 2 bonds
E. Having 4 valence electrons, Nitrogen forms a bond for each orbital it fills.
B. Having 5 valence electrons, Nitrogen fills it’s octet by sharing 3 bonding pairs of electrons.
What is the difference between the bond angles of water and methane? A. 5 degrees B. 10.5 degrees C. 61.5 degrees. D. 70.5 degrees. E. They have the same bond angle
A. 5 degrees
Because they are both tetrahedral the bond angles are close to 109.5. but because the electrons pairs repel the H’s the angle is just slightly smaller
Which element has the smallest first ionization energy? A. N B. C C. B D. Be E. Li
E. Li
Ionization energy increase left to right along any period
What causes ionization energy to increase from left to right in a peroid
the more protons there are the more tightly held the electrons will be
Is an element in the 7th group always heavier than the one in the 6th group
nope, Iodine is lighter then tellurium
Where is electronegativy the highest
the upper right of the periodic table
True of false, as the period number increases the molecular weight always increases
True
A 100mL 1M solution of calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 is mixed with 500 mL of 1M NaOH. The resulting mixture shows no precipitate – what is the most likely reason for this?
Because CaOH2 is quite unsoluble in water you would expect to see precipitate, so solubility must have been increased by increasing the temperature
Is a methyl group activating or deactivating (strongly or weakly)
activating weakly
How does an activating group direct the addition of stuff
ortho para directing
What is a radical propogation like
start with one radical and end with one
what is a radical initiation reaction like
start with zero radicals and end with two
What is a radical termination reaction like
start with two and end with 0 radicals
What kind of reaction does a Strong unhindered base participate in
E2
for the hole punching exercise what do I need to watch for
holes that punch on crease lines
For the folding one what should I do
Check the shapes on the unfolded pattern and see which objects have those same shapes
Angle ranking strategies
- find smallest angle
- find largest angle
- quick glances, hill method
Reading strategies
key words of all of the questions, then read through
how do you add exponents
write out the whole numbers and add them. if it is 10 to the something and they are aren’t close they will likely just round up to the largest one
What is an exponential equation
When a fixed number is raised to a variable exponent
What is a power function
when a variable number is raised to a fixed exponent
Given 2x + 2y = -8 and 3x – 3y = 2, what is y? A. 2 B. -15/4 C. -7/3 D. 3/4 E. 18/5
C. -7/3
- Subtract the first one from the second one to figure out what x is equal to
- plug x into one of the two equations and solve for y
how many kilometers are there in a mile
1.7
How much is a metric ton
1000 kg
How much is an english ton
2000 lbs
when doing this one Tracing around the OUTSIDE of the box, what is the shortest distance from point A to point B?
what should you remember
that you have to unfold the object and then work on in
In the U.S., 1 out of 100 people has metal fillings. A metal detector, at the airport, is able to detect the metal fillings a person's mouth. What is the probability that twenty people are able to pass through the metal detector without it going off? Choose the closest answer. A. 0.01*0.9920 B. (0.99)20 C. (0.01)20 D. 20*0.99 E. 20*0.01
- find the likelyhood of setting off the alarm
=.01
2, since we DON’T want to set the alarm off we need to subtract that from 1
= .99 - Since there are twenty people we must raise that to the 20th
How many people fall within the first standard deviation
68%
How many people fall within the second deviation
95% (half above the first SDV, half below)
how many people fall within the third standard deviation
99.7% (half above the first SDV, half below)
Tom has a 4 sided die and a 20 sided die. If the product is greater than 70, he gains 5 points. What is the probability that he can gain 10 points in 2 rolls? A. 0.14% B. 0.55% C. 1.25% D. 3.75% E. 5.25%
what is the probability of rolling a 70 once
1/4 for the first die, times by 3/20 for the second die = 3/80 = .0375
The probability of doing that twice, you must times that by itself
3/80 X 3/80 = 9/6400 = .0014 = .14%
in a 45, 45, 90 triangle what is the hypoteneuse
Y x (square root of 2) side length
What does the tan x =
sin x / cos x
What is the interest equation
FV = PV (1 + I)^n FV = future value PV = present value I = interest rate n = number of years
What is molarity
moles/liter
what is molality
moles of solute / kg of solvent
is Ca(OH)2 water soluble
not very
what does a methyl group do to a benzene (activate/deactivate, opm director)
weakly activating
Ortho, para director
what kind of reactions does NaOCH3 -------------> CH3OH do
strong and unhindered base = SN2/E2
What are the conditions that favor SN1 reactions
- weak Nu (by not favoring SN2)
- more likely on tertiary > secondary > primary carbons
- creates a racemic mixture
What are the conditions that favor SN2 reactions
- Strong Nu
- more likely on primary and secondary carbons (not on tertiary)
- causes inversion of stereochemistry
What are the conditions that favor E1 reactions
- weak base (by not favoring E2)
- more likely on tertiary > secondary >primary carbons
- causes the bulkiest groups to be on opposite sides
What are the conditions that favor E2 reactions
- Strong base
- more likely on tertiary > secondary >primary carbons
- secondary carbons = E and Z isomers
- major product = one with the bulkiest sides opposite
- Hydrogen Anti to the leaving group is removed
what kind of hydrogen is removed in cyclohexane by E2 reactions
axial H’s
What is a stereospecific reaction
one that only produces one single product with specific stereochemistry
what are the atoms capable of h bonding
F O N
How does fractional distillation separate compounds
based on their boiling point
What are meso compounds
compounds with chiral centers and a plane of symmetry
What does PBr3 do
convert alcohols into alkyl bromides
does organolithium prefer to attack the more or less substituted carbon
organolithium attacks the less substituted carbon
What does NaNH2 do to a terminal alkyne
it removes the H making the triple bond an Nu
NaNH2 is a strong base
is an ester an electron withdrawing or donating group
esters are electron withdrawing groups which deactivate the ring and are meta directors
What does NaNH3 do to an alkyne
turns it into a trans double bond
what does H2/Lindar do to an alkyne
turns it into a cis double bond
in diels alder reactions, what happens when the dienophile has cis groups
they will remain cis in the product
What does mCBPA and H3O+ do to a double bond
creates a epoxide, then it turns into a trans diol
what does Na2Cr2O7, H2SO4 do
oxidizes alcohols to ketones and aldehydes
What does BH3, THF and H3O+ do to a double bond
a single anti-markovnikov alcohol
What does OSO4, H2O2 do to a double bond
creates a cis diol
what does ozone do to a double bond
creates two aldehydes
