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DAT > DAT bootcamp test 3 > Flashcards

DAT bootcamp test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory

A

that eukaryotic cells originated from a mutualistic relationship between two prokaryotes
(mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes

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2
Q

What 5 things are evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that is circular without proteins
  2. mitochondria and chloroplasts have different ribosomes
  3. mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce individually of the cell by a process similar to binary fission
  4. mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane (could have come from one prokaryote engulfing another)
  5. thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts resemble those of the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria
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3
Q

What are the chromosome/chromatid numbers for humans through meiosis

A
  1. Normal = 23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)
  2. After duplication = 46 chromosomes (92 chromatids)
  3. After meiosis 1 = 23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)
  4. after meiosis 2 = 23 chromosomes (23 chromatids)
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4
Q

What are the chromosome/chromatid numbers for humans through mitosis

A
  1. Normal - 23 Chromosomes (46 chromatids)
  2. after duplication = 46 chromosomes (92 chromatids)
  3. after mitosis = 46 chromosomes (46 chromatids)
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5
Q

what are the products of light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

A

O2, NADPH, ATP

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6
Q

What are the products of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis

A

Glucose, NADP+, ADP

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7
Q

What are the substrates of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis

A

O2, NADPH, ATP, CO2, Rubisco

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8
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model

A

macromolecules float around on top of the sea of phospholipids

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9
Q

What are tight junctions and where are they found

A

cell junctions that prevent the passage of materials between digestive tract cells in animals (they are found at the top of the cells)

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10
Q

what are desmosomes and where are they found

A

anchoring junctions that provide mechanical stability often seen in animal skin cells

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11
Q

What are desmosomes made of

A

keratin to hold cells together

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12
Q

What are gap junctions

A

narrow protein channels in animal cells that allow for the exchange of small ions and molecules (not cytoplasm)
cell to cell communication or electrical impulse

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13
Q

What are plasmodesmata

A

narrow protein channels between plant cells

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14
Q

what are siRNA

A

small interfering RNA, they interfere with the expression of genes

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15
Q

What are tetrads

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids)

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16
Q

Why does yeast undergo anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen?

A

to oxidize NADH to NAD+ (that way NAD+ can go and allow glycolysis to produce more ATP)

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17
Q

what is the evolution of fish from earliest to latest

A

jawless fish
cartilagenous fish
Lobe-finned fish

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18
Q

What are lacteals and what do they do

A

lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats in the small intestine

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19
Q

What things does the hypothalamus control

A 
body temperature
hunger
thirst
sleep
circadian cycles
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20
Q

What does the pons do

A

relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum

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21
Q

what does the medulla control

A

respiration
digestion
heart pumping

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22
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

motor control (balance and coordination)

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23
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A

reasoning
planning
problem solving

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24
Q

What does the parietal lobe do

A

orientation
recognition
perception

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25
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

visual processing

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26
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A

recognition of auditory stimuli
memory
speech

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27
Q

what does the corpus callosum do

A

axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

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28
Q

what does the hippocampus do

A

associated with memory and learning

29
Q

what are the parts of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus and hippocampus

30
Q

what can’t be found in the filtrate from the bowmans capsule

A

red blood cells and proteins

31
Q

what causes rigor mortis

A

New ATP isn’t formed so the myosin actin cross bridges can’t be undone

32
Q

What is CCK and what does it do

A

Cholecystokenin, a small intestine hormone produced in response to fats. It stimulates the gall bladder to release bile

33
Q

what does secretin do

A

causes the pancrease to produce bicarbonate

34
Q

what two structures form the placenta

A

chorion and endometrium

35
Q

What is the difference between pluripotent cells and totipotent cells

A

pluripotent cells are stem cells that can form any of the three germ layers. they cannot however produce extraembryonic tissue like the placenta, so they can’t develop into an entire organism
totipotent cells are the calls that make up the morula and such, they can become an entire organism

36
Q

How are totipotent cells created

A

from somatic cellst (they are reverted to totipotent cells)

37
Q

All of the following are ways genetic variation can be introduced to bacteria

A

Heat shock with CaCl2
Electroporation
Transduction
Conjugation

38
Q

What are the three types of animal movement

A

kinesis
Taxis
migration

39
Q

What is kinesis (animal movement)

A

animal moves in a random direction, slowing down in favorable environments and speeding up in unfavorable ones

40
Q

What is taxis (animal movement)

A

an animal moves in a specific direction due to a stimulus

41
Q

What is migration

A

long distance movement of animals based on the season

42
Q

who is the animal with the most fitness

A

the one with the most viable offspring

43
Q

what is the definition of a boiling point

A

when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding pressure

44
Q

what is volatility

A

the ability of a liquid to evaporate

45
Q

what substances have the greatest volatitily

A

those with the weakest intermolecular forces

46
Q

What is the formula for finding [H+] from a weak acid and Ka

A

[H+} = square root of Ka x M

47
Q

what is cathodic protection

A

making a steel pipe the cathode, and something else like Zinc the anode so that the zinc dissolves and not the steel

48
Q

Which molecular shape is characterized by having 3 bonding domains and 1 non-bonding domain?

A

trigonal pyrimidal

49
Q

what is the difference of electron pair geometry and molecular geometry

A

molecular geometry just shows the shape of the molecules peices (don’t show the electron pairs)

50
Q

What gives the molecular geometry of a seesaw

A

4 groups and 1 electron pair

51
Q

What gives the molecular geometry T-shaped

A

3 groups, 2 e- pairs

52
Q

What gives the molecular geometry of octahedral

A

6 groups

53
Q

What gives the molecular geometry of square pyrimidal

A

5 groups and 1 e- pair

54
Q

What gives the molecular geometry of square planar

A

4 groups and 2 e- pairs

55
Q

What are spectator ions

A

ions that don’t change states in both sides of the equation

56
Q

what are some rules to know for solubility

A

ammonium salts usually dissolve

halide salts usually dissolve

57
Q

During a titration experiment, the titrant placed in…

A

a buret

58
Q

what kind of addition does HBr (not HCl and HI) and H2O2 do

A

antimarkovnikov (free radical addition)

59
Q

What kind of transition states do SN2 reactions create

A

a pentivalent TS

60
Q

What is the difference between transition states and intermediates

A

transition states can’t be isolated

61
Q

Which of the following methods would MOST effectively separate two volatile compounds?

A

Gas-liquid chromatography

62
Q

which can do more H bonding alcohols or carboxylic acids

A

carboxylic acids

63
Q

What is the product of the reaction with toluene and

  1. H2SO4, HNO3
  2. Sn, HCL
  3. anhydride and pyridine
A
  1. Nitro group is added para to the methyl (it’s a donating)
  2. Sn, HCl converts the nitro group into an amine
  3. anhydride is attacked by the amine at the carbonyl carbon, the other half leaves as a good leaving group
64
Q

how are grignard reagents prepared

A
  1. primary alcohol converted to a primary halide (PBr3)

2. then you add a metal (Mg)

65
Q

What is the major product of the following reaction?

secondary alcohol with 1. NaH 2. CH3Br

A

the alcohol is deprotonated, then alcohol then attacks the Alkyl halide (SN2) this is called williamson ether synthesis

66
Q

What is the product of reacting a carboxylic acid with

  1. H+, CH3OH, heat
  2. CH3MgBr (excess) Et2O
  3. H3O+
A
  1. the carboxylic acid will be esterified
  2. then the grignard will add two CH3’s
  3. the H3O+ will protonate the O-

A tertiary alcohol is produced

67
Q

rank the bonds from longest to shortest
C–Br
C–C
C–H(triple bond)

A

That’s the order
because the molecules are the largest
larger molecules = longer bonds

68
Q

What is one thing to remember when determining stability of a resonance structure for benzene rings

A

the most stable form will often have the ring intact (maintaining aromaticity)

69
Q

What does the log10 of 100 =

what does the log10 of 100000 =

A

2
5
(10^x)

DAT (14 decks)

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