DAT bootcamp test 3 Flashcards
What is the endosymbiotic theory
that eukaryotic cells originated from a mutualistic relationship between two prokaryotes
(mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes
What 5 things are evidence of the endosymbiotic theory
- mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that is circular without proteins
- mitochondria and chloroplasts have different ribosomes
- mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce individually of the cell by a process similar to binary fission
- mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane (could have come from one prokaryote engulfing another)
- thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts resemble those of the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria
What are the chromosome/chromatid numbers for humans through meiosis
- Normal = 23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)
- After duplication = 46 chromosomes (92 chromatids)
- After meiosis 1 = 23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)
- after meiosis 2 = 23 chromosomes (23 chromatids)
What are the chromosome/chromatid numbers for humans through mitosis
- Normal - 23 Chromosomes (46 chromatids)
- after duplication = 46 chromosomes (92 chromatids)
- after mitosis = 46 chromosomes (46 chromatids)
what are the products of light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
O2, NADPH, ATP
What are the products of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
Glucose, NADP+, ADP
What are the substrates of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
O2, NADPH, ATP, CO2, Rubisco
What is the fluid mosaic model
macromolecules float around on top of the sea of phospholipids
What are tight junctions and where are they found
cell junctions that prevent the passage of materials between digestive tract cells in animals (they are found at the top of the cells)
what are desmosomes and where are they found
anchoring junctions that provide mechanical stability often seen in animal skin cells
What are desmosomes made of
keratin to hold cells together
What are gap junctions
narrow protein channels in animal cells that allow for the exchange of small ions and molecules (not cytoplasm)
cell to cell communication or electrical impulse
What are plasmodesmata
narrow protein channels between plant cells
what are siRNA
small interfering RNA, they interfere with the expression of genes
What are tetrads
pairs of homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids)
Why does yeast undergo anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen?
to oxidize NADH to NAD+ (that way NAD+ can go and allow glycolysis to produce more ATP)
what is the evolution of fish from earliest to latest
jawless fish
cartilagenous fish
Lobe-finned fish
What are lacteals and what do they do
lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats in the small intestine
What things does the hypothalamus control
body temperature hunger thirst sleep circadian cycles
What does the pons do
relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum
what does the medulla control
respiration
digestion
heart pumping
what does the cerebellum do
motor control (balance and coordination)
what does the frontal lobe do
reasoning
planning
problem solving
What does the parietal lobe do
orientation
recognition
perception
what does the occipital lobe do
visual processing
what does the temporal lobe do
recognition of auditory stimuli
memory
speech
what does the corpus callosum do
axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
what does the hippocampus do
associated with memory and learning
what are the parts of the limbic system
hypothalamus and hippocampus
what can’t be found in the filtrate from the bowmans capsule
red blood cells and proteins
what causes rigor mortis
New ATP isn’t formed so the myosin actin cross bridges can’t be undone
What is CCK and what does it do
Cholecystokenin, a small intestine hormone produced in response to fats. It stimulates the gall bladder to release bile
what does secretin do
causes the pancrease to produce bicarbonate
what two structures form the placenta
chorion and endometrium
What is the difference between pluripotent cells and totipotent cells
pluripotent cells are stem cells that can form any of the three germ layers. they cannot however produce extraembryonic tissue like the placenta, so they can’t develop into an entire organism
totipotent cells are the calls that make up the morula and such, they can become an entire organism
How are totipotent cells created
from somatic cellst (they are reverted to totipotent cells)
All of the following are ways genetic variation can be introduced to bacteria
Heat shock with CaCl2
Electroporation
Transduction
Conjugation
What are the three types of animal movement
kinesis
Taxis
migration
What is kinesis (animal movement)
animal moves in a random direction, slowing down in favorable environments and speeding up in unfavorable ones
What is taxis (animal movement)
an animal moves in a specific direction due to a stimulus
What is migration
long distance movement of animals based on the season
who is the animal with the most fitness
the one with the most viable offspring
what is the definition of a boiling point
when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding pressure
what is volatility
the ability of a liquid to evaporate
what substances have the greatest volatitily
those with the weakest intermolecular forces
What is the formula for finding [H+] from a weak acid and Ka
[H+} = square root of Ka x M
what is cathodic protection
making a steel pipe the cathode, and something else like Zinc the anode so that the zinc dissolves and not the steel
Which molecular shape is characterized by having 3 bonding domains and 1 non-bonding domain?
trigonal pyrimidal
what is the difference of electron pair geometry and molecular geometry
molecular geometry just shows the shape of the molecules peices (don’t show the electron pairs)
What gives the molecular geometry of a seesaw
4 groups and 1 electron pair
What gives the molecular geometry T-shaped
3 groups, 2 e- pairs
What gives the molecular geometry of octahedral
6 groups
What gives the molecular geometry of square pyrimidal
5 groups and 1 e- pair
What gives the molecular geometry of square planar
4 groups and 2 e- pairs
What are spectator ions
ions that don’t change states in both sides of the equation
what are some rules to know for solubility
ammonium salts usually dissolve
halide salts usually dissolve
During a titration experiment, the titrant placed in…
a buret
what kind of addition does HBr (not HCl and HI) and H2O2 do
antimarkovnikov (free radical addition)
What kind of transition states do SN2 reactions create
a pentivalent TS
What is the difference between transition states and intermediates
transition states can’t be isolated
Which of the following methods would MOST effectively separate two volatile compounds?
Gas-liquid chromatography
which can do more H bonding alcohols or carboxylic acids
carboxylic acids
What is the product of the reaction with toluene and
- H2SO4, HNO3
- Sn, HCL
- anhydride and pyridine
- Nitro group is added para to the methyl (it’s a donating)
- Sn, HCl converts the nitro group into an amine
- anhydride is attacked by the amine at the carbonyl carbon, the other half leaves as a good leaving group
how are grignard reagents prepared
- primary alcohol converted to a primary halide (PBr3)
2. then you add a metal (Mg)
What is the major product of the following reaction?
secondary alcohol with 1. NaH 2. CH3Br
the alcohol is deprotonated, then alcohol then attacks the Alkyl halide (SN2) this is called williamson ether synthesis
What is the product of reacting a carboxylic acid with
- H+, CH3OH, heat
- CH3MgBr (excess) Et2O
- H3O+
- the carboxylic acid will be esterified
- then the grignard will add two CH3’s
- the H3O+ will protonate the O-
A tertiary alcohol is produced
rank the bonds from longest to shortest
C–Br
C–C
C–H(triple bond)
That’s the order
because the molecules are the largest
larger molecules = longer bonds
What is one thing to remember when determining stability of a resonance structure for benzene rings
the most stable form will often have the ring intact (maintaining aromaticity)
What does the log10 of 100 =
what does the log10 of 100000 =
2
5
(10^x)
