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BIO107 - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > Cytoskeleton (4-6) > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton (4-6) Flashcards

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1
Q

highly dynamic and play
comparably diverse and important roles in the cell

A

Microtubules

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2
Q

Microtubules are polymers of the protein ?

A

tubulin

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3
Q

heterodimer formed from two closely related globular proteins called α-tubulin
and β-tubulin

A

tubulin

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4
Q

two tubulin proteins are
found only in this heterodimer

A

α-tubulin
and β-tubulin

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5
Q

has a binding site for
one molecule of GTP

A

α-tubulin and β-tubulin

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6
Q

Tubulin is found in all ____ cells

A

eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

give rise to a paralytic eye-movement disorder due to loss of ocular nerve function

A

mutations in human β-tubulin gene

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8
Q

mutations in a particular human β-tubulin gene
give rise to a

A

paralytic eye-movement

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9
Q

hollow cylindrical structure built from 13
parallel protofilaments

A

microtubule

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10
Q

microtubule is built from

A

13 parallel protofilaments

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11
Q

Each 13 parallel protofilaments of microtubule, composed of a?

A

αβ-tubulin heterodimers stacked head to tail and then folded into a
tube

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12
Q

along the longitudinal axis of microtubule

A

protein-protein contact

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13
Q

forms an interface with the “bottom” of the α-tubulin
molecule in the adjacent heterodimer

A

“top” of β-tubulin molecule

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14
Q

the main lateral contacts

A

α–α and β–β

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15
Q

the addition and loss of subunit occurs almost
exclusively at the

A

end

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16
Q

The subunits in each protofilament in a microtubule all point in the same?

A

direction

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17
Q

the subunits in each protofilament in a
microtubule all point in the same direction

A

structural polarity

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18
Q

exposed at the minus end

A

α-tubulins

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19
Q

exposed at the plus end

A

β-tubulins

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20
Q

influenced by the binding
and hydrolysis of GTP

A

microtubules dynamics

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21
Q

microtubules dynamics is influenced by the

A

binding and hydrolysis of nucleotide

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22
Q

occurs only within β-tubulin

A

GTP hydrolysis

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23
Q

bound GTP

A

“T form”

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24
Q

bound GDP

A

“D form”

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25
Q

two different types of microtubule structures

A

T form
D form

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26
Q

tends to polymerize and GDP-tubulin to
depolymerize

A

GTP tubulin

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27
Q

whether the tubulin subunits at the very end of a microtubule are in the T or the D form depends on
the relative rates of

A

GTP hydrolysis and tubulin
addition

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28
Q

If the rate of subunit addition is high, the tip of the polymer remains
in the _ form

A

T form

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29
Q

tip of the polymer remains
in the T form forms a

A

GTP cap

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30
Q

an end might grow for a certain length of time in a _ form, but then suddenly change to the _ form and
begin to shrink rapidly

A

T
D

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31
Q

rapid interconversion between a growing
and shrinking state

A

dynamic instability

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32
Q

growth to shrinkage

A

catastrophe

33
Q

shrinkage to growth

A

rescue

34
Q

produce straight
protofilaments that make strong and regular lateral contacts with one another

A

tubulins subunits with GTP bound to the
β-monomer

35
Q

tubulins subunits with GTP bound to the β-monomer produce?

A

straight protofilaments

36
Q

associated with subtle conformational change in
the protein

A

hydrolysis of GTP to GDP

37
Q

subtle conformational change in the protein, makes the protofilaments?

A

curved

38
Q

constrain the curvature of the protofilaments, the ends appear straight

A

GTP cap

39
Q

terminal subunits have hydrolyzed

A

constrains is removed, spring apart

40
Q

microtubules functions are inhibited by
both

A

polymer-stabilizing and polymer
destabilizing drugs

41
Q

interact with tubulin subunits and lead to
microtubule depolymerization

A

colchicine and nocodazole

42
Q

binds to and stabilized
microtubules

A

Taxol

43
Q

Taxol binds to and stabilizes microtubules, causing a net increase in

A

tubulin polymerization

44
Q

used to treat cancers of
the breast and lung

A

Taxol

45
Q

preferentially kill
dividing cells

A

microtubule-depolymerizing and
polymerizing drugs

46
Q

______ ___ _____ _____ required for spontaneous nucleation of
microtubules is very high

A

concentration of tubulin subunits

47
Q

smaller amounts, involved in the nucleation of microtubule growth

A

γ-tubulin

48
Q

specific intracellular location
microtubules nucleation occurs

A

microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)

49
Q

two accessory proteins bind directly to the γ-tubulin, along with several other proteins
that help create a spiral ring of γ-tubulin
molecules, which serves as a template
that creates a microtubule with 13
protofilaments

A

γ-tubulin ring complex

50
Q

two accessory proteins bind directly to the

A

γ-tubulin, along with several other proteins

51
Q

γ-tubulin, along with several other proteins
that help create a

A

spiral ring of γ-tubulin
molecules

52
Q

spiral ring of γ-tubulin
molecules, which serves as a

A

template
that creates a microtubule with 13
protofilaments

53
Q

well-defined MTOC, which is located near the nucleus

A

centrosome

54
Q

well-defined MTOC called the centrosome,
which is located near the nucleus and from which ______are nucleated at their minus ends, so the plus ends point outward and continuously grow and
shrink

A

microtubules

55
Q

embedded in the centrosome; a pair
of cylindrical structures arranged at right angles
in an L-shaped configuration; barrel shape with
striking ninefold symmetry

A

centrioles

56
Q

centrioles, a pair of cylindrical structures arranged at

A

right angles
in an L-shaped configuration

57
Q

centrioles are embedded in the

A

centrioles

58
Q

where microtubule nucleation takes place

A

pericentriolar material

59
Q

MTOC embedded in
the nuclear envelope found in budding
yeast, fungi, and diatoms

A

spindle pole body

60
Q

no centrioles in

A

fungi or plants

61
Q

all these cells use this to nucleate their microtubules

A

γ-tubulin

62
Q

robust, with dynamic plus ends pointing outward toward the cell periphery and stable minus ends collected near the nucleus

A

aster-like configuration

63
Q

aster-like configuration of microtubules is robust,
with dynamic plus ends pointing

A

outward toward the cell periphery and stable
minus ends collected near the nucleus

64
Q

has the ability
to find the center of the cell established
a general coordinate systems

A

microtubule cytoskeleton

65
Q

microtubule cytoskeleton has the ability
to find the center of the cell established
a general coordinate systems, which is then used to

A

position many organelles within the cell

66
Q

exhibit much higher polymerization rate, a greater catastrophe frequency, and extended pauses in microtubule
growth

A

microtubules in cell

67
Q

microtubules in cell exhibit?

A
  • much higher polymerization rate,
  • a greater catastrophe frequency, and
  • extended pauses in microtubule growth
68
Q

modulate filament dynamics and
organization

A

microtubule-binding proteins

69
Q

proteins that bind to microtubules

A

microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)

70
Q

stabilize against disassembly

A

microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)

71
Q

mediate interactions with other cell components – prominent in neurons,
axons and dendrites that extend from the
cell body

A

MAPs

72
Q

MAPs are prominent in

A

neurons, axons and dendrites that extend from the cell body

73
Q

MAPs have at least __ ___that binds to the
microtubule surface and another that projects outward.

A

one domain

74
Q

long projecting domain; form bundles of stable microtubules that are
widely spaced

A

MAP2

75
Q

shorter projecting domain, form bundles of more closely packed
microtubules

A

tau

76
Q

are targets of several protein kinases

A

MAPs

77
Q

influence stability and dynamics

A

proteins that bind the ends of microtubule

78
Q
A

BIO107 - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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