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BIO107 - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > 5 - Cell Signaling (Part 1) > Flashcards

5 - Cell Signaling (Part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

-Mechanism for responding to physical and chemical changes in theri environment

A

Cell signaling

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2
Q

Principles of cell signaling: Mechanisms for responding to _______ and _______ changes in their environment

A

Physical and chemical

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3
Q

Principles of cell signaling: _________ sensing in bacteria

A

Quorum

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4
Q

Allow bacteria to coordinate their behavior

A

Quorum sensing

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5
Q

Principles of cell signaling: Mating factor in ________

A

yeasts

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6
Q

Communication between cells in multicellular organisms is mediated mainly by

A

extracellular signal molecules

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7
Q

_______ activates the receptor which in turn activates one or more intracellular pathways or systems

A

Binding

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8
Q

The extracellular signal molecule is recieved by the ___________________

A

Receptor protein

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9
Q

The effector proteins recieves the _____________

A

intracellular signaling proteins

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10
Q

Processes the signal inside the recieving cell and distribute it to the appropriate intracellular targets

A

Intracellular signaling proteins

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11
Q

The target that lie at the end of signaling pathways

A

Effector proteins

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12
Q

What are the 3 effector proteins?

A
  • Metabolic enzyme
  • Transcription regulatory protein
    -Cytoskeletal protein
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13
Q

As the metabolic enzyme recieves the intracellular signaling proteins, it leads to _____

A

altered metabolism

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14
Q

As the transcription regulatory protein recieves the intracellular signaling proteins, it leads to _____

A

altered gene expression

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15
Q

As the cytoskeletal protein recieves the intracellular signaling proteins, it leads to _____

A

altered cell shape or movement

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16
Q

What are 4 main molecule and proteins involved in cell signaling?

A

-Extracellular signal molecule
-Receptor protein
-Intracellular signaling proteins
-Effector proteins

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17
Q

Explain the function of these molecule and proteins

A

The extracellular signal molecul is recieved by the receptor protein in order to pass through the plasma membrane. This signal molecule is then carried by the intracellular proteing along the cytosol to the efffector protein whch is responsible for regulating biological activities.

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of intracellular cell signaling

A
  • Contact- Dependent signaling
    -Paracrine Signaling
  • Synaptic Signaling
  • Endocrine Signaling
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19
Q

a type of paracrine signaling where cells produce signals that they themeselves respond to

A

Autocrine signaling

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20
Q

Cell signaling that utilizes neurons; chemical synapses

A

Synaptic signaling

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21
Q

Cell signaling that realeses hormones into the bloodstream to be recieved by the target cell

A

Endocrine signaling

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22
Q

Often receptors on the target cell surface

A

Transmembrane proteins

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23
Q

A cell signaling where the membrane- bound signal molecule from the signaling cell is directly recieved by the receptor of the target cell

A

Contact- dependent signaling

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24
Q

A cell signaling where secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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25
Q

2 types of receptors taht communicate by extracellular signal molecules

A
  • Cell- Surface Receptors
  • Intracellular Receptors
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26
Q

Signal molecules bind to cell-surface receptors, which in turn generate signals inside the target cell

A

Cell- surface receptors

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27
Q

Examples/kinds of extracellular signal molecules

A

Proteins, small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, retinoids, fatty acid derivatives, and even dissolved gasses such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

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28
Q

Signal molecules can diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to recepto proteins inside the target cell

A

Intracellular receptors

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29
Q
  • Has high specificity of binding site of receptors
A

Target cell

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30
Q

An extracellular signal molecule

A

ligand

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31
Q

4 stages of cell

A
  • Cell survival
  • Cell proliferation
  • Terminal differentiation
  • Cell apoptosis
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32
Q

Each cell is programmed to respond to specific combinations of _____________ _______

A

Extracellular signals

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33
Q

These extracellular signals are either _________ or __________

A

Stimulatory or inhibitory

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34
Q

Cell responds tot he signals ____________

A

Selectively

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35
Q

To determine how a cell integrates all of this signaling information in order to make decisions- _____, _______, ________, and so on

A

to divide, to move, to differentiate

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36
Q

Programed cell death

A

cell apoptosis

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37
Q

Differentiation into a non dividing state

A

Terminal differentiation

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38
Q

a signal molecule often has different effects on different type of _______ _______

A

target cells

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39
Q

Example of signal molecule that has different effects on different type of target cells

A

Acetylcholine

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40
Q

Acetylcholine causes differences in the ______________, _________________, and ________________

A

intracellular signaling proteins, effector proteins, and genes

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41
Q

An extracellular signal simply induces the cell to respond according to its ___________ ________

A

Predetermined state

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42
Q

Acetylcholine in heart pacemaker cell causes

A

decreased rate of firing

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43
Q

Acetylcholine in salivary gland cell causes

A

Secretion

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44
Q

Acetylcholine in skeletal muscle cell causes

A

contraction

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45
Q

Three major classes of cellsurface receptor proteins

A
  • Ion-Channel Coupled transporters
  • G-Protein Coupled Receptors
  • Enzyme- Coupled Receptors
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46
Q

These classes of cell-surface receptor proteins act as

A

Signal transducers

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47
Q

Converting an extracellular ligand-binding event into intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell

A

Signal transducers

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48
Q

The ion- channel coupled receptors is also known as

A

transmitter- gated ion channels or ionotrophic receptors

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49
Q

Contains electrically excitable cells and neurotransmitters

A

ion- channel coupled receptors

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50
Q

Involved in rapid synaptic signaling between nerve cells and other electrically excitable target cells such as nerve and muscle cells

A

Ion- channel coupled receptors

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51
Q

Ion- channel coupled receptors are mediated by ____________

A

neurotransmitters

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52
Q

contains Plasma- membrane- bound target protein (enzyme or ion channel), and trimeric GTP- binding protein (G protein)

A

G- protein- coupled receptors

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53
Q

Acts by indirectly regulating the activity of a separate plasma- membrane - bound target protein, which is generally either an enzyme or an ion channel

A

G- protein- coupled receptors

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54
Q

Mediates the interaction between the activated receptor and this target protein

A

Trimeric GTP- binding protein (G protein)

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55
Q

3 components of G- protein- coupled receptors

A
  • inactive receptor
  • inactive G protein
  • Inactive enzyme
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56
Q

Function as enzymes or associated directly with enzymes

A

Enzyme- coupled receptors

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57
Q

Single- pass transmembrane proteins that have their ligand- binding site outside the cell and their catalytic or enzyme binding site inside

A

Enzyme- coupled receptors

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58
Q

Enzyme- coupled receptors: Ligand binding is __________ the cell

A

outside

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58
Q
A
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59
Q

Enzyme- coupled receptors: Enzyme- binding site is ________ the cell

A

inside

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60
Q

Phosphorylate specific sets of proteins in the target cell when activated

A

Protein kinases

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61
Q

First messengers

A

Extracellular signals

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62
Q

Second messengers

A

Intracellular signaling molecules

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63
Q

Intracellular signaling molecules carries

A
  • small chemicals
  • water- soluble molecules
  • lipid- soluble
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64
Q

example of water- soluble molecule

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) & Ca+

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65
Q

example of a lipid- soluble molecule

A

diacylglycerol

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66
Q

Pass the signal by ________ to and _______ the behavior of selected signaling or effector proteins

A

Binding and altering

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67
Q

Intracellular signaling molecules often behave as

A

molecular switches

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68
Q

2 types of intracellular
signaling proteins that act as
molecular switches

A
  • signaling by phosphorylation
    -signaling by GTP binding
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69
Q

The largest class of molecular switches consists of proteins that are activated or inactivated by

A

Phosphorylation

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70
Q

Addition of Phosphate group

A

Kinase

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71
Q

Example of kinases

A
  • serine- threonine kinase
    -tyrosine kinases
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72
Q

removes the phosphate group

A

Phosphatase

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73
Q

Human genome encodes ___ kinases; ___ phosphatase

A

520 kinases; 150 phosphatase

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74
Q

Other important class of molecular switch

A

GTP- binding protein

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75
Q

Bound GTP

A

on

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76
Q

Bound GDP

A

off

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77
Q

Types of GTP- binding proteins

A
  • trimeric GTP- binding proteins (G proteins)
  • monomeric GTP- binding proteins (small monomeric GTPases)
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78
Q

Help relay signals from G- protein- coupled receptors that activate them

A

trimeric GTP- binding proteins (G proteins)

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79
Q

Help relay signals from many classes of cell-surface receptors

A

monomeric GTP- binding proteins (small monomeric GTPases)

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80
Q

Drive the proteins into an “off state; increasing the rate of hydrolysis of GTP

A

GTPase- activating proteins (GAPS)

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81
Q

Drive the proteins into an “on” state; release bound GDP

A

Guanine Nucleotide exchange Factors (GEFs)

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82
Q

Contains a series of activation steps

A

Signaling pathway

83
Q

A sequence of two inhibitory steps can have the same effect as one activating step

A

Double negative activation

84
Q

An activated intracellular sigaling molecule should interact only with the appropriate _____ targets, and likewise, the targets should only be activated by the appropriate ________ signal

A

downstream; upstream

85
Q

Ways that a signal remain precise

A
  • high affinity and specificity
  • high affinity and specificity
86
Q

complementary surfaces

A

high affinity and specificity

87
Q

Respond only when the upstream signal reaches high concentration or activity level

A

high affinity and specificity

88
Q

Involves scaffold proteins

A

localization

89
Q

form signaling complexes

A

scaffold proteins

90
Q

Functions of scaffold protein

A
  • holds the protein in close proximity
  • interact at high local concentration
  • sequentially activated rapidly
91
Q

form only transiently in response; around a receptor

A

scaffold proteins

92
Q

Phosphorylated cytoplasmic tail of receptor serve as __________ ________

A

docking sites

93
Q

Receptor activation leads to production of _____________

A

Phosphoinositides

94
Q

recruit specific intracellular signaling proteins

A

Phosphoinositides

95
Q

Three types of intracellular
signaling complexes.

A
  • Preformed signaling complex on a scaffoled protein
  • Assembly of signaling complex on phosphoinositide docking sites
  • Assembly of signaling complex on an activated receptor
96
Q

To detect and measure a specific stimulus in one location of a cell and then generate an appropriately timed and measured response at another location

A
  1. response timing
  2. sensitivity to extracellular signals
  3. dynamic range
  4. persistence
  5. signal processing
  6. integration
  7. coordination
97
Q

number of affinity; amplification

A

sensitivity to extracellular signals

98
Q

responsiveness

A

dynamic range

99
Q

transient response; prolonged or permanent

A

persistence

100
Q

switchlike response; oscillatory response

A

signal processing

101
Q

multiple inputs

A

integration

102
Q

multiple responses

A

coordination

103
Q

speed of response depend on the nature of

A

intracellular signaling molecules

104
Q

changes in proteins

A

rapid responsec

105
Q

hanges in gene expression and the synthesis of new proteins

A

usually requires many minutes or hours

106
Q

response fades when

A

signal ceases

107
Q

-smoothly graded response
- concentration rises beyong some treshold value

A

hyperbolic response

108
Q

generates significant responses only when the signal concentration rises beyond some treshold value

A

abrupt responses

109
Q

2 types of abrupt response:

A
  • sigmoidal response
  • discontinous or all- or- none
110
Q

low concentrations of stimulus do not have much effect, but then the response rises steeply and continously at intermediate stimulus levels

A

Sigmoidal response

111
Q

the output of a process acts back to regulate that same process

A

feedback loops

112
Q

output inhibits its own production

A

negative feedback

112
Q

output stimulates its own production

A

positive feedback

113
Q

steepen the response- sigmoidal or all-or-none response

A

Positive feedback

114
Q
  • can exist in either a “switched off” or a “switched- on state”
  • a transient exracellular signal can induce long-term changes
A

bistable

115
Q

-muscle cell specification
- all-or-none response
-all cells in a population do not respond identically to the same concentration of extracellular signal

A

positive feedback

116
Q

counteracts the effect of a stimulus

A

negative feedback

117
Q

Negative feedback limits the level of the

A

response

118
Q

a delayed negative feedback with a long enough delay can produce responses that

A

oscillate

119
Q

stimulus suddenly increased

A

adaptations

120
Q

-prolonged exposure to a stimulus decreases the the cell’s response to that level of stimulus
- respond to changes in the concentration of an extracellular signal molecule

A

adaptation or desensitization

121
Q
A
122
Q
A
123
Q
A
124
Q

a strong response modifies the signaling machinery that reset itself to become

A

less responsive

124
Q

Some ways in which target cells can become adapted (desensitized) to an extracellular signal molecule

A
  • Receptor Sequestration
  • Receptor Down- Regulation
  • Receptor Inactivation
  • Inactivation of Signaling Protein
  • Production of Inhibitory Protein
124
Q

Such signal- induced receptor endocytosis leads to the destruction of the receptor in lysosome

A

Receptor- down regulation

125
Q

Largest family of cell-surface receptors

A

G-protein- coupled receptors

126
Q

_____, _____, and______ depend on the G-protein- coupled receptors

A

sight, smell, and taste

127
Q

G-protein- coupled receptors consists of a sing polypeptide chain that threads back and forth across the lipid bilayer _____ times, forming a _________

A

seven; cylindrical structure

128
Q

relay the signal into the cell interior

A

G-proteins

129
Q

relay signal sform GPCRs, couples the receptor to enzymes or ion channels in the membrane

A

trimeric GTP- Binding proteins (G-protein)t

130
Q

3 subunits of the G proteins

A

a, B, and y

131
Q

a subunit has GDP bound and the G protein is inactive

A

unstimulated

132
Q

acts like guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)

A

activation

133
Q

what occurs when the a subunit release its bound GDP?

A

-a subunit release its bound GDP
-binding of GTP
-conformational changes
-dissociation of the GTP bound Ga subunit from the GBy pair

134
Q

synthesized from ATP by adenylyl cyclase

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

135
Q

responsible for the synthesis of cAMP

A

adenylyl cyclase

136
Q

responsible for the destruction of cAMP

A

phosphodiesterases

137
Q

regulate the production of cAMP

A

G proteins

138
Q

activates adenylyl cyclase

A

Gs (stimulatory G protein)

139
Q

inhibits adynylyl cyclase

A

Gi (inhibitory G protein)

140
Q

causes ADP ribosylation that alters the Gs a subunit; leading to inactivation

A

cholera toxin (cholera, severe diarrhea)

141
Q

causes ADP ribosylation of the a subunit of Gi

A

pertussis toxin (pertussis or whooping cough)

142
Q

In most animal cells, cAMP exerts its effect by mainly activating

A

cyclic- AMP dependent protein kinase (PKA)

143
Q

Phosphorylates specific serines and threonines, regulating their activity

A

kinase

144
Q

two catalytic subunits and two regulatory subunits

A

inactive stae

145
Q

released catalytic subunit

A

activated state

146
Q

Otejr responses mediated by cAMP depends changes in the transcription of

A

specific genes

147
Q

cAMP activates the gene that encodes this hormone

A

Somatostatinor

148
Q

a short cis-regulatory protein contained by the somatostatin gene

A

cyclic AMP response element (CRE)

149
Q

Transcription regulator

A

CRE- binding (CREB) protein

150
Q

CBP

A

CREB- Binding Protein

151
Q

Many GPCRs exert their effects through _____ that activate the plasma- membrane- bound enzyme ____________

A

G proteins; phospholipase C-B (PLCB)

152
Q

phospholipase C-B (PLCB) acts on

A

inositol phospholipid signaling pathway

153
Q

activates phospholipase C-B

A

Gq

154
Q

The activated phospholipase then cleaves the PI(4,5)P2 to generate two products

A

diacylglycerol & inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3)

155
Q

A water- soluble second messenger

A

IP3

156
Q

IP3- gated Ca2+- release chanels

A

IP3 receptors

157
Q

IP3 increases concentration of ____ in the ______

A

Ca2+ ; cytosol

158
Q

activate protein kinase C (PKC)

A

diacylglycerol

159
Q

G protein called ___ activates GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) that activates a monomeric GTPase (Rho family) which regulates the ______ _______

A

G12; actin cytoskeleton

160
Q

In some cases, G proteins directly activate or inactivate _______ in the plasma

A

ion channels

161
Q

smell and vision depend on _____ that regulate ion channels

A

GPCRs

162
Q
  • act through cAMP
A

Olfactory receptors

163
Q

activates adenylyl cyclase

A

olfactory specific binding G protein (Golf)h

164
Q

how many olfactory receptors in human

A

350

165
Q

Each ______ activates its own characteristic set of olfactory receptor neurons

A

odorant

166
Q

Also involved in vision

A

cyclic nucleotide- gated ion channels- cyclic GMP

167
Q

responsible for synthesizing cyclic nucleotide- gated ion channels

A

guanylyl cyclase

168
Q

responsible for degradation of cyclic nucleotide- gated ion channels

A

cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase

169
Q

fastest G-protein- mediated response in vertebrates

A

Vision transduction responses

170
Q

receptor activation stimulated by light causes a fall in the level of

A

cyclic nucleotide

171
Q

non color vision in dim light

A

rod photoreceptors (rod)

172
Q

color vision in bright light

A

cone photoreceptors (cones)

173
Q

-stack of discs; contans cyclic GMP- gated cation channels

A

phototransduction apparatus

174
Q

cyclic GMP bound

A

dark

175
Q

_____ causes hyperpolarization

A

light

176
Q

decreases the cyclic GMP concentration and closes the cation channel

A

hyperpolarization

177
Q

activated by a photon of light

A

Rhodopsin

178
Q

rhodopsin alters conformation of

A

G protein transducin (Gt)

179
Q

effect of rhodopsin

A
  • alters conformation of G protein transducin (Gt)
  • activate the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase
  • hydrolyzes cyclic GMP
  • GMP levels fall
180
Q

rods use _________________ to allow the cells to revert quickly to a resting, dark state in the aftermath of a flash light

A

negative feedback loops

181
Q

it phosphorylates rhodopsin, inhibiting the ability of the rhodopsin to activate transducin

A

rhodopsin kinase (RK)

182
Q

an inhibitory protein, binds to the phosphorylated rhodopsin, further inhibiting its activity

A

arrestin

183
Q

(I)activates adenylyl cyclase; activates Ca2+ channels

A

a Gs

184
Q

(I)Activates adenylyl cyclase in olfactory sensory neurons

A

a Golf

185
Q

(II)Inhibits adenylyl cyclase

A

a Gi

186
Q

(II)Activates K+ channels

A

By Gi

187
Q

(II)Activates K+ channel; inactivates Ca2+ channels

A

By Go

188
Q

(II)Activates phospholipase C-B

A

a and By Go

189
Q

(II)activates cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase in vertebrate rod receptors

A

a Gt (transducin)

190
Q

(III) Activates phospholipase C-B

A

a Gq

191
Q

(IV) Activates Rho family monomeric GTPase (via Rho-GEF) to regulate the actin cytoskeleton

A

a G12/13

192
Q

-Gaseous signaling mediator that passes between cells
- hydrophobic, small, readily pass across the plasma membrane

A

nitric oxide (NO)

193
Q

Function of nitric oxide

A

relax smooth muscles in the walss of blood vessels

194
Q

_______ stimulates NO synthesis

A

acetylcholine

195
Q

NO diffuses out of the cell into neighboring

A

smooth muscle cells

196
Q

____________ depends on relay chains of intracellular signaling proteins and second messengers for amplifying cascade of ______

A

GPCRs; stimulatory signals

197
Q

GPCRs 3 modes of adaptation

A
  1. receptor sequestration
  2. receptor down- regulation
  3. receptor inactivation
198
Q

they are temporarily moved to the interior of the cell so that they no loger have acces to their ligand

A

receptor sequestration

199
Q

destroyed in lysosomes after internalization

A

receptor down-regulation

200
Q

they become altered so that they can no longer interact with G proteins

A

receptor inactivation

201
Q
  • depend on their phosphorylation by GPCR kinases
  • arrestin desensitization
A

receptor inactivation

202
Q

prevents the activated receptor from interacting with G proteins

A

BIO107 - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (5 decks)

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