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BIO107 - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > Cell Cycle (Cell Death) > Flashcards

Cell Cycle (Cell Death) Flashcards

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1
Q

The development and maintenance of multicellular organisms depend not only on cell growth and cell division but also on ____ _____

A

Cell Death

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2
Q

cells die at the same rate as they are produced

A

maintenance of tissue size

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3
Q

programmed cell death; “falling off”

A

Apoptosis

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4
Q

rapidly engulfs the cell and fragments before they can spill their contents.

A

Macrophages

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5
Q

-cells that die in response to an acute insult.
-swell and burst, spilling their contents eliciting inflammatory response

A

cell necrosis

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6
Q

a form of programmed cell death that is triggered by a specific regulatory signal from other cells

A

necroptosis

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7
Q

cell death help sculpt hands and feet during _________ ___________.

A

embryonic development

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8
Q

also functions as a quality-control process in development, eliminating cells that are abnormal, misplaced, nonfunctional, or potentially dangerous to the animal.

A

Apoptosis

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9
Q

must be tightly regulated to ensure that they are exactly in balance

A

cell death and cell division

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10
Q

cell can kill themselves by undergoing apoptosis

A

damages (DNA damages)

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11
Q

triggered by members of a family of
specialized intracellular proteases

A

Apoptosis

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12
Q

have a cysteine at their active site and cleave their target proteins at specific aspartic acids

A

caspases

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13
Q

begin the apoptotic process; apoptotic signal -> assembly of large protein complexes -> dimers -> protease activation

A

initiator caspases

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14
Q

initiator caspases activate ___________ ________

A

executioner caspases

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15
Q

inactive dimers; cleaved by an initiator caspase at a site in the protease domain -> rearranged to active form ->amplifying proteolytic cascade-> kill the cell

A

executioner caspases

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16
Q

-cleavage -> irreversible breakdown of nuclear lamina
-a protein that normally holds a DNA-degrading endonuclease (iCAD) in an inactive form; its cleavage frees the endonuclease (CAD) to cut up the DNA in the cell nucleus

A

lamins

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17
Q

self-amplifying and irreversible

A

caspase cascade

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18
Q

How is the initiator caspase first activated in response to an apoptotic signal?

A

-extrinsic pathway and intrinsic and intrinsic
-mitochondrial pathway

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19
Q

Is signaled from outside the cell

A

intrinsic pathway

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20
Q

Is signaled from mitochondria inside the cell

A

mitochondrial pathway

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21
Q

transmembrane proteins; extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular death domain

A

death receptors

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22
Q

The receptors are homotrimers and belong to the _____ ________ ______ ________ family.

A

tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor

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23
Q

TNF has eight members, which includes?

A

-a receptor for TNF itself
-Fas death receptor

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24
Q

ligands are also ___________

A

homotrimers

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25
Q

activation of Fas

A

binding of Fas ligand -> death domains on the cytosolic tails bind intracellular adaptor proteins -> bind initiator caspases -> death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) -> activate executioner caspapses

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26
Q

help prevent the inappropriate activation of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis.

A

inhibitory proteins-FLIP

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27
Q

depends on the release into the cytosol of mitochondrial proteins

A

intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway

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28
Q

released proteins activate a caspase proteolytic cascade in the cytoplasm, leading to _________

A

apoptosis

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29
Q

released into the cytosol -> binds to an adaptor protein called _____ (apoptotic protease activating factor-1) -> oligomerize into a wheel-like heptamer called ______ -> recruit initiator _____-_ proteins

A

cytochrome c
- Apaf1
- apoptosome
- caspase-9

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30
Q
A
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31
Q
A
32
Q

major class of intracellular regulators of the intrinsic pathway

A

Bcl2 family

32
Q

suppress apoptosis; controlling the release of cytochrome c and other intermembrane mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol

A

Bcl2 family

33
Q

classes of mammalian Bcl2 family proteins

A
  1. Anti-apoptotic Bcl2 family proteins
  2. Pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family effectors
34
Q

anti-apoptotic

A

bcl2 and BclXL

35
Q

Pro-apoptotic

A

effector Bcl2 family proteins and Bh3-only proteins

36
Q

activation of intrinsic pathway

A

apoptotic stimulus

37
Q

Bcl2 family aggregate to form oligomers in the mitochondrial outer membrane

A

activation of intrinsic pathway

38
Q

apoptotic stimulus → activated _____ pathway →
____ family aggregate to form oligomers in the
mitochondrial outer membrane → release of
____ _

A

intrinsic
Bcl2
cytochrome c

39
Q

main effector of intrinsic pathway

A

Bax (cytosol) and Bak (mitochondrial outer membrane)

40
Q

cytosolic surface of the outer mitochondrial membrane; help prevent inappropriate release of intermembrane proteins

A

Anti-apoptotic: Bcl and BclXL

41
Q

-to promote apoptosis mainly by inhibiting anti-apoptotic Bcl2 family proteins
-enables the aggregation of Bax and Bak on the surface of mitochondria, which triggers the release of the intermembrane mitochondrial proteins that induce apoptosis.

A

BH3-only proteins

42
Q

DNA damage -> tumor suppressor protein __ accumulates and activates the transcription of genes that encode the BH3-only proteins ____ and _____ ->trigger the ___ pathway

A

p53
Puma and Noxa
intrinsic

43
Q

cell employs multiple ______ __________ to ensure that these proteases are activated only when appropriate

A

robust mechanisms

44
Q

-Another lone of defense against inappropriate caspase activation is provided by caspase inhibitor proteins called
-first identified in certain insect viruses (baculoviruses), which encode IAP proteins to prevent a host cell that is infected by the virus from killing itself by apoptosis.

A

inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs)

45
Q

destruction for proteosomes

A

polyuquitylate caspases

46
Q

IAP-binding domain which binds to the BIR domain of IAPs, preventing the domain from binding to a caspase

A

anti-IAPS (Drosophila)-Reaper, Grim, and Hid

47
Q

are released from the mitochondrial intermembrane space when the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is activated, blocking IAPs in the cytosol and thereby promoting apoptosis.

A

Anti-IAPs

48
Q

inhibit apoptosis

A

extracellular survival factors

49
Q

nerve cells are produced in excess in the __________ _______ ______

A

developing nervous system

50
Q

receive enough signal survival signals live, while others die.

A

compete for limited amounts of survival factors

51
Q

the number of surviving _______ is automatically adjusted so that it is appropriate for the number of target cells they connect with

A

neurons

52
Q

bind to cell-surface receptors, which activate intracellular signaling pathways that suppress the apoptotic program, usually by regulating the expression or activity of members of the Bcl2 family of proteins.

A

survival factors

53
Q

thereby enabling IAP proteins to suppress apoptosis

A

phosphorylating and inactivating anti-IAP proteins such as Hid

54
Q

the apoptotic cell and its fragments do not break open and release their contents, but instead remain intact as they are efficiently eaten or ____________ by neighboring cells.

A

phagocytysed

55
Q

chemical changes on the surface of the apoptotic cell recruit __________ _____

A

phagocytic cells

56
Q

located exclusively in the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer, but it flips to the outer leaflet in apoptotic cells

A

phosphatidylserine

57
Q

healthy cells express signal proteins on their surface that interact with inhibitory receptors on macrophages that block phagocytosis

A

macrophages do not phagocytose healthy cells

58
Q

cells die by necrosis as a result of ischemia

A

heart attacks or strokes

59
Q

inactivate the genes that encode the Fas death receptor or the Fas ligand

A

conditions where too few cells die by apoptosis

60
Q

accumulate in spleen and lymph -> autoimmune disease

A

prevent normal death of some lymphocytes

61
Q

tumors, cancer cells regulate their apoptotic program abnormally

A

decreased apoptosis

62
Q

-chromosome translocation causes excessive production of the Bcl2 protein; B cell lymphoma
-development of cancer by inhibiting apoptosis; decrease the cells’ sensitivity to anticancer drugs

A

Bcl2 gene

63
Q

-gene encoding the _____ __________ ______ ___ is mutated in about 50% of human cancers
-can no longer promotes apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest in response to DNA damage
-enables the cancer cells to survive and proliferate even when their DNA is damaged

A

tumor suppressor protein p53

64
Q

small chemical that interfere with the function of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 family proteins

A

drugs that stimulate apoptosis

65
Q

spade-like structures →individual digits
separate only as the cells between them die

A
66
Q

cells die when the structure they form is no
longer needed →

A

tadpole to frog; tail is not
needed in the frog

67
Q

two major classes of
apoptotic caspases

A

initiator caspases and executioner caspases.

68
Q

initiator caspases - begin the apoptotic
process;apoptotic signal →

A

triggers the assembly of large protein

69
Q

begin the apoptotic
process; apoptotic signal → assembly of
large protein complexes →

A

caspases associate to form dimers

70
Q

begin the apoptotic
process; apoptotic signal → assembly of
large protein complexes → dimers →

A

protease activation

71
Q

executioner caspases - inactive dimers;
cleaved by an initiator caspase at a site
in the protease domain →

A

rearranged to
active form

72
Q

Inactive dimers;
cleaved by an initiator caspase at a site
in the protease domain → rearranged to
active form →

A

amplifying proteolytic
cascade

73
Q

inactive dimers;
cleaved by an initiator caspase at a site
in the protease domain → rearranged to
active form → amplifying proteolytic
cascade →

A

kill the cell

74
Q

a protein that normally holds a ___-______ ______ in an
inactive form; its cleavage frees the
________ to cut up the DNA in
the cell nucleus

A

DNA-
degrading endonuclease (iCAD)
endonuclease (CAD)

75
Q

proteins that are cleaved by caspases during apoptosis

A
  • nuclear lamins
  • a protein that normally holds a DNA-
    degrading endonuclease (iCAD) in an
    inactive form
  • components of the cytoskeleton and cell–
    cell adhesion proteins
76
Q

inhibit apoptosis mainly by
binding to and inhibiting
pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family
proteins

A

anti-apoptotic

BIO107 - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (16 decks)

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