Cell Cycle (Control of cell division) Flashcards

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1
Q

Three fundamental processes determining organ and body size

A
  1. Cell Growth
  2. Cell Division
  3. Cell Survival
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2
Q

Extracellular signal molecules that regulate cell growth, division and survival

A

Mitogens
Growth factors
Survival factors

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3
Q

secreted proteins, proteins bound to the surface of cells, or components of the extracellular matrix

A

extracellular signal molecules

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4
Q

stimulate cell division; G1/S-Cdk activity

A

Mitogens

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5
Q

stimulate cell growth; synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules

A

growth factors

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6
Q

promote cell survival; suppressing apoptosis

A

Survival factors

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7
Q

cell proliferation means?

A

cell growth

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8
Q

Their rate of proliferation depends on the availability of nutrients

A

unicellular organisms

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9
Q

They divide only when the organism needs more cells

A

multicellular organisms

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10
Q

anima cell receive stimulatory extracellular signals in the form of _____ to proliferate

A

mitogens

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11
Q

-first mitogen identified; observation that fibroblasts in a culture dish proliferate when provided with serum not when provided with plasma.
-stimulate many types of cells to divide (fibroblast, smooth muscle cells, neuroglial cells).

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

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12
Q

acts not only on epidermal cells but also on many other cell types, including both epithelial and nonepithelial cells

A

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

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13
Q

only induces the proliferation of red blood cell precursors

A

erythropoietin

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14
Q

inhibitory extracellular signal protein; inhibit proliferation

A

transforming growth factor-B (TGFB) B for beta

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15
Q

Cdk inhibition in G1 is maintained. by the multiple machanisms discussed, and progression into a new cell cycle is blocked.

A

absence of a mitogenic signal

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16
Q

specialized nondividing state

A

G0

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17
Q

neurons and skeletal muscles; cell-cycle control system is completely dismantled

A

terminally differentiated G0 state

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18
Q

the expression of the genes encoding various Cdks and cyclins is permanently ______ ___, and cell division rarely occurs

A

turned off

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19
Q

mitogens control the rate of cell division by acting in the __ _____ of the cell cycle

A

G1 phase

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20
Q

Mitogens interact with cell-surface receptors to trigger?

A

multiple intracellular signaling pathways

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21
Q

One major pathway acts through the monomeric GTPase Ras, which leads to the activation of a?

A

mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade.

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22
Q

the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) leads to an increase in the production of?

A

transcription regulatory proteins, including Myc

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23
Q

Myc is thought to promote cell-cycle entry by several mechanisms, one of which is to increase the expression of genes encoding __ ______

A

G1 cyclins (G1 Cdk)

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24
Q

bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoters of a wide variety of genes that encode proteins required for S-phase entry

A

E2F proteins

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25
Q

In the absence of mitogenic stimulation, E2F-dependent gene expression is inhibited by an interaction between E2F and members of the ______________ _______ (Rb) family.

A

retinoblastoma protein

26
Q

a result of spontaneous chemical reactions in DNA, errors in DNA replication, or exposure to radiation or certain chemicals

A

DNA damage

27
Q

cell-cycle control detects DNA damage and arrest the cycle

A

Start and G2/M transition

28
Q

DNA damage initiates a signaling pathway by activating one of a pair of related protein kinases called ___ and ___.

A

ATM and ATR

29
Q

ATM and ATR associate with the site of damage and phosphorylate various target proteins, including two other protein kinases called ____ and ____.

A

Chk1 and Chk2

30
Q

stimulates transcription of gene encoding p21

A

p53

31
Q

binds to G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk complexes and inhibit their activities, thereby helping to block entry into the cell cycle.

A

p21

32
Q

undamaged cell, p53 is highly unstable and is present at very ___ _____________

A

low concentration

33
Q

acts as ubiquitin ligase that targets p53 for destruction

A

Mdm2

34
Q

Chk1 and Chk2 phosphorylates Cdc25 family of _______ __________

A

protein phosphatases

35
Q

The DNA damage response can also be activated by problems that arise when a replication fork fails during ___ ___________

A

DNA replication

36
Q

___ _____ of DNA damage occurs in the normal life of any cell

A

low level

37
Q

accumulation of genetic damage in cells lacking the DNA damage response leads to an increased frequency of ______-_________ _________

A

cancer-promoting mutations

38
Q

allows the cancer cell to accumulate mutations more easily

A

mutations in the p53 gene

39
Q

defect in ATM; very sensitive to x-rays and suffer from increased rates of cancer

A

ataxia telangiectasia

40
Q

Many human cells divide a limited number of times before they stop and undergo a permanent ____ _____ ______.

A

cell cycle arrest

41
Q

proliferation slows down and finally halts, and the cells enter a nondividing state from which they never recover

A

replicative cell senescence

42
Q

Replicative cell senescence in human fibroblasts seems to be caused by changes in the structure of the _________.

A

Telomeres

43
Q

-the repetitive DNA sequences and associated proteins at the ends of chromosomes.
-promotes the formation of protein cap structures that protects the chromosome ends.

A

Telomeres

44
Q

constant stimulation of Ras-dependent signaling pathways

A

mutation in GTPase Ras amino acid

45
Q

overexpression of Myc stimulate excessive ____ ______ and _____________

A

cell growth and proliferation

46
Q

excessive mitogenic stimulation

A

production of Arf (cc inhibitor protein)

47
Q

production of Arf (cc inhibitor protein)

A

inhibits Mdm2

48
Q

inhibits Mdm2

A

p53 levels increase

49
Q

p53 levels increase

A

cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis

50
Q

cell growth accompanies ____ _______

A

cell division

51
Q

stimulate the accumulation of proteins and other macromolecules

A

increase rate of synthesis and decrease rate of degradation

52
Q

activation of a kinase TOR

A

phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)

53
Q

activates many targets in the cell that stimulate metabolic processes

A

activation of a kinase TOR

54
Q

S6K

A

S6 kinase

55
Q

translation initiation factor

A

elF4E

56
Q

describe a factor that has any of these activities

A

growth factor

57
Q

withdraw from the cell cycle and re-enter the cycle when damage

A

Liver cells

58
Q

do not produce telomerase, their telomeres become shorter with every cell
division, and their protective protein caps progressively deteriorate

A

human fibroblasts

59
Q

the exposed chromosome ends are sensed as DNA damage, which activate

A

p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest (

60
Q

have regained the ability to produce telomerase and therefore maintain telomere
function as they proliferate

A

cancer cells

61
Q

mitogenic signaling pathways are encoded by genes
that were originally identified as

A

cancer-promoting genes

62
Q
A