Cell cycle (meiosis) Flashcards

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1
Q

contain two slightly different copies,
or homologs, of each chromosome, one from
each parent

A

diploids

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2
Q

carrying only a single copy of each
chromosome → gametes

A

haploid

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3
Q

sperm and egg fuse →

A

zygote

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4
Q

reduces the chromosome number by
half

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

duplication of chromosomes

A

S phase

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6
Q

_ successive rounds of chromosome
segregation

A

two

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7
Q

segregate the homologs

A

meiosis I

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8
Q

duplicated paternal and maternal
homologs pair up alongside each other

A

pair of homologs

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9
Q

no further DNA replication;
the sister chromatids pulled apart and
segregated

A

meiosis II

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10
Q

produces four haploid daughter cell
(either maternal or paternal copy)

A

meiosis II

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11
Q

homologs ____each other and
associate ____in order for the
maternal and paternal homologs to be
bi-oriented on the first meiotic spindle

A

recognize
physically

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12
Q

prolonged period; homologs begin
pairing (interactions between pairing
sites)

A

meiotic prophase (prophase I)

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13
Q

four-chromatid structure

A

bivalent

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14
Q

homolog pairs are then locked together
by

A

homologous recombination

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15
Q

the DNA of a chromatid
crosses over to become continuous with
the DNA of a homologous chromatid

A

crossovers

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16
Q

paired homologs are brought into close
______, with their structural axes (axial cores)

A

juxtaposition

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17
Q

assembles on
a double
-strand break in a chromatid,
binds the matching DNA sequence in
the nearby homolog and helps reel in
this partner

A

recombination complex

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18
Q

followed by synapsis

A

presynaptic alignment

19
Q

axial core of a homolog becomes tightly linked to the axial core of its partner by a closely packed array of transverse filaments

A

synapsis

20
Q

bridges the gap

A

synaptonemal complex

21
Q

morphological changes that occur during homolog pairing are the basis
for dividing meiotic prophase into five sequential stages

A

leptotene, zygotene,
pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis

22
Q

homologs condense and pair and genetic recombination begins

A

leptotene

23
Q

synaptonemal complex begins to assemble at sites where the homologs are
closely associated and recombination events are occurring

A

zygotene

24
Q

assembly process is complete, and the homologs are synapsed along their
entire lengths

A

pachytene

25
Q

disassembly of the synaptonemal complexes and the concomitant
condensation and shortening of the chromosomes

A

diplotene

26
Q

segregation of homologs

A

diakinesis

27
Q

individual crossover events between nonsister chromatids can be seen
as inter-homolog connections called

A

chiasmata

28
Q

three features of meiosis I that
distinguish it from mitosis

A

1st: both sister kinetochores in a homolog
must attach stably to the same spindle
pole

2nd: crossovers generate a strong
physical linkage between homologs,
allowing their bi-orientation at the
equator of the spindle

3rd: cohesion is removed in anaphase I
only from chromosome arms and not
from the regions near the centromeres,
where the kinetochores are located

29
Q

Cohesins near the centromeres are protected from separase in meiosis I by
a kinetochore-associated protein called

A

shugoshin

30
Q

acts by recruiting a protein phosphatase that
removes phosphates from centromeric cohesins.

A

Shugoshin

31
Q

functions of crossing-over in meiosis

A
  • helps hold homologs together so that they
    are properly segregated to the two
    daughter nuclei produced by meiosis I
  • contributes to the genetic diversification
    of the gametes that are eventually
    produced
32
Q

highly regulated

A

crossing-over

33
Q

each pair of human homologs is linked
by about how many crossovers

A

two or three

34
Q

DNA is accessible

A

hot spots

35
Q

heterochromatin regions
(centromeres and telomeres)

A

cold spots

36
Q

How mamy crossover forms between the
members of each homolog pair

A

at least one crossover f

37
Q

the presence of
one crossover event inhibits another from
forming close by

A

crossover interference

38
Q

mistakes can occur in allocating the chromosomes during

A

meiosis

39
Q

Mistakes are especially common in human female meiosis, which arrests for years after ____: meiosis I is completed only at_____

A

diplotene
ovulation

40
Q

chromosome
segregation errors during egg development are the most common cause of both

A

spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) and mental retardation in humans

41
Q

when homologs fail to separate; some of the
resulting haploid gametes lack a particular chromosome, while
others have more than one copy of it

A

nondisjunction

42
Q

caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

A

Down syndrome

43
Q
A