cytology

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

all living things are made up of cells

Question 2

cell growth stages

Answer 2

-starts as an egg and sperm
-cell grows to the limited cell membrane size
-grows, grows and grows then splits

Question 3

cytology

Answer 3

study of cells

Question 4

what do cells needs

Answer 4

oxygen and glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins and minerals, water

Question 5

what comes out of cells as product waste

Answer 5

carbon dioxide, ammonia and urea, uric acid, water

Question 6

eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

contains nucleus and organelles, little organs inside the cell that allows it to live and function
-everything that is a living organism that has a nucleus

Question 7

prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

before the nucleus
-does not have membrane bound organelles, no nucleus
-like a bacteria

Question 8

cell membrane

Answer 8

provides boundary and shape for cell
-semi permeable barrier

Question 9

semi permeable barrier

Answer 9

not everything can go through but with certain functions some things can go through

Question 10

cytology

Answer 10

study of cells

Question 11

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 11

round head and fatty acid tail
-head is hydrophilic
-tail is hydrophobic

Question 12

hydrophilic

Answer 12

water loving

Question 13

hydrophobic

Answer 13

water hating

Question 14

function of the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 14

acts as a barrier
-contains ion channels that can have certain aspects pass through

Question 15

simple diffusion

Answer 15

can dissolve through the bilayer
-passive

Question 16

channel mediated diffusion

Answer 16

uses the channel to go through membrane
-transmembrane ion channels

Question 17

carrier mediated diffusion

Answer 17

uses a carrier to get across the membrane
-“pumps” that go against the concentration and electrical gradient

Question 18

active transport

Answer 18

requires energy to use a carrier to get back out to the outside of the cell membrane

Question 19

capillary filtration

Answer 19

feeding blood to muscles, to brain so in peripheral capillaries there is a loosely bound membrane so blood can leave but in central capillaries there is no space

Question 20

soma (perikaryon)

Answer 20

cell body
-has dendrites on neurons to increase surface areas

Question 21

nucleus

Answer 21

large and central spot
-contains chromatin

Question 22

RNA

Answer 22

ribonucleic acid
-assistance for transcription/reading of code

Question 23

DNA

Answer 23

deoxyribonucleic acid
-genetic code

Question 24

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 24

for transport of chemicals inside the cell

Question 25

smooth vs. rough ER

Answer 25

no ribosomes vs. contains ribosomes
-site of protein synthesis

Question 26

golgi apparatus

Answer 26

packaging of synthesized proteins

Question 27

lysosome

Answer 27

scavengers in the neurons
-contains enzymes to digest or break down complex molecules and can digest other organelles

Question 28

mitochondria

Answer 28

powerhouse of the cell
-proves energy needed for active synthesis

Question 29

cytoskeleton

Answer 29

structure and shape
-allows for cell growth and motility

Question 30

3 elements of cytoskeleton

Answer 30

microtubules, actin filaments, and neurofilaments

Question 31

microtubules

Answer 31

associated with movement of internal cellular structures during mitosis
-like a tiny straw

Question 32

actin filaments

Answer 32

develops and maintains surface irregularities like dendritic spines
-helical and associated with cell surfaces

Question 33

neurofilaments

Answer 33

strong parallel arrays of proteins that give the dendrites and axons tensile stength

Question 34

tensile strength

Answer 34

can stretch to an extent then can potentially break

Question 35

slow anterograde

Answer 35

carries matrix proteins and sub-cellular organelles from soma to the axon
-forward

Question 36

fast anterograde

Answer 36

carries mitochondria, lysosomes, and membrane components away from soma

Question 37

fast retrograde

Answer 37

carries material from boutons to the soma
-backward

Question 38

5 functions of membrane proteins

Answer 38

-proteins form selectively permeable transmembrane ion channels that determine electrical activity
-carrier proteins to mediate transport of molecules
-act as enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions
-receptor sites for hormones, neurotransmitters , drugs
-form recognition sites unique for each person that work with the immune system to identify the cell as being part of the body and not an invader