cvs 24 Flashcards
phenylalanine is used to make
tyrosine
what is tyrosine imp for
thyroid hormone (organification)
melanin (tyrosinase)
homogentisic acid —- fumarate — TCA
NOR EPI and EPI
steps of thyroid synthesis
oxidation
organification ( MIT DIT)
coupling
totla t4 formula
bound T4 + Free T4
what happens in pregnancy OCP or increase estrogenism
increase production of Thyeoid binding globulin
so bound t4 increases
FREE T4 ALWAYS REMAINS SAME
= total t4 INCREASES
what happens in SLE athletes steroids
leads to gluconeogenesis
TBG DECREASES
so bound t4 also DECREASES
overall total t4 = DECREASES
what could be the causes of phenylketonuria
phenylalanine hydroxylase def
BH4 def
dehydropterin reductase def (DHBR)
increased levels of phenylalinine make
acetate
pyruvate
lactate
NEUROTOXIC to brain
mannifestation of phenylketoniuria
mental retard musty body odor seizures hypopigmentation skin hair eyes eczema
how is melanin made
tyrosine — dopa (tyrosine hydroxylase uses BH4)
dopa —- melanin (tyrosinase)
what is malignant PKU
def of BH4
what is BH$ used for
making tyrosine
tryptophan ——- serotonin
arginine —— NO
essential amino acids
MATT VIL PHLy Methionine A Tryptophan Threonin Valine Isoleucine Leucine Phenylalanin Histidine Lysine
basic amino acids
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
glucogenic amino acid
Met His sweet Valentine
Methionin
Histidine
Valine
what is cystinuria
defect in PCT cant reabsp COLA Cystine Ornithine Lysine Arginine
hexagonal kidney stones
what happens in alcoholics
decrease Tender Loving Care For N TLCFN
Thiamine pyrophosphate ( only TPP for transketolase)
Lipoic acid
Coezyme A
FADH2/ NADH
def of propionyl coA carboxylase
proprionic acidemia
poor feeding, vomit, hypotonia, high anion gap
prop coA carboxylase works on
propionyl coA ——–> methylmalonyl coA ——> succinyl coA
cofactors needed by propionyl coA carboxylase
ABC
ATP
BIOTIN
CO2
treatment of proprionic acidema
low protein diet VOMIT Valine Odd chain fatty Methionin Isoleucine Threonin
methyl malonyl coA mutase requires co factor
B12
RLE enzyme for FA synthesis
acetyl coA carboxylase
RLE for gluconeogenesis
Fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase
citrate affects other pathways like
inhibits the RLE of glycolysis —– PFK 1
induces F1,6 bisphosphate —- gluconeogensis
induces acetyl coA carboxylase —— FA Synthesis
Affect of AMP on gluconeogensisn
inhibits the RLE becuase it REQUIRES ATP
F1,6 BP
treatment of MCAD
NO fasting
small chain fatty acids can be given
IV glucose
myopathic CAT
CAT 2
FA carnitine ——> Fatty acyl coA
biopsy shows increase in muscle triglycerides
homocystenemia most common cause
def of cystathione synthase needs B6 B9 B12
macrocytic non megaloblastic anemia
LAD Liver Alcohol Drugs Diamond blackfan anemia
Cestode tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
consmp of larva in raw fish
FISH TAPE WORM
txt of fish tape worm
praziCAntel
causes calcium influx
pork tape worm
tinea solium eggs vs larva
tinea solium eggs
contaminated food iwth human feces
cysticercosis
neurocysticercosis
SEIZURES
txt albendazole
t solium larva
undercooked pork
intestinal tineasis
txt praziquantal
echonococcus granulosus
ingestion of eggs contaminated with dog feces
INTERMEDITTE HOST sheeeep
echinococcus mannifest
hydatid cyst
egg shell caclifications
BIOPSY CONTRAINDICATED — anaphylaxis
causes of b12 def
dietary
malabsp —- pernicious , bacterial overgrowth or pancreatic isnuff
schilling test part 1
oral radiolabelled B12 + intramuscular B12
increased levels of b12 ——- dietary def
low b12 levels ——- absp problem
shcilling pt 2
radiolabelled b12 + intrinsic factor
b12 increases ——- pernicious anemia (means IF was missing)
b12 low —– means no dietary def and no pernicioujs
schilling pt 3
radilabelled b12 + antibiotics
increased b12 —– bacterial overgrowth
low b12 — pancreatic insufff
mechanism of metformin
glyc 3 p dehydrogenase —— inhibits gluconeogenesis
