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Professional Development > Cultural Competence > Flashcards

Cultural Competence Flashcards

1
Q

What is race?

A

People with shared physical attributes or traits, or skin colour, e.g. Black or white

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2
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Long shared cultural experiences, religious practices, traditions, ancestry, language, dialect or national origins, e.g. African-Caribbean, Travellers, etc

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3
Q

What does BME/BAME stand for?

A

Black
Asian and
Minority
Ethnic groups

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4
Q

Which areas have attracted a high proportion of BAME, leading to more ethnically diverse communities?
(2)

A

London
Other metropolitan cities

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5
Q

What can the changing demographic within the UK be due to?
(3)

A

Increased levels of migration,e.g. for education, family, work, etc

More refugees and displaced people entering due to conflicts or natural disasters

More people with parents from other countries are being born in the UK

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6
Q

How does an increase in diversity in the UK impact healthcare professionals?

A

They have to make sure that the services they provide can suit the needs of the whole population. So they have to regularly reassess and adapt services to meet the cultural needs of the population

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7
Q

What specific law sets out the responsibilities that the NHS should operate under?

A

The NHS Constitution (2013)

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8
Q

What does the NHS Constitution say?
(3)

A

Every individual matters

There should be equal access of healthcare to everyone regardless of gender, race, disability, age, sexual orientation or belief

There’s now a duty to promote equality- specific alt to promote better health for disadvantaged groups and those who has less favourable health outcomes than the rest of the population

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9
Q

What are some policies and acts that aim to reduce inequalities at a local and national level?
(6)

A

Equality Act 2010

9 protected characteristics

Human Rights Act 1998

Mental Capacity Act 2005

The Care Act 2014

The Health and Care Act 2022

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10
Q

What is the Equality Act 2010?

A

The legislation that surrounds the topics of equality and diversity. It covers all areas of society,including health and social care. It works off the structure of the 9 protected characteristics

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11
Q

What are the 9 protected characteristics?

A

Age
Disability
Marriage and civil partnership
Pregnancy and maternity
Race
Religion and belief
Sex
Gender reassignment
Sexual orientation

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12
Q

What is the Human Rights Act 1998?

A

The principles of basic human rights and equality. It has 5 main principles

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13
Q

What are the 5 main principles of the Human Rights Act 1998?

A

Fairness
Respect
Equality
Dignity
Autonomy

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14
Q

What is the Mental Capacity Act 2005?

A

It helps people who are unable to maintain their independence, dignity and the right to freedom (vulnerable people) the ability to maintain their right to dignity and equality

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15
Q

What is the Care Act 2014?

A

It underpins all help with vulnerable adults. This includes ensuring that adults give consent for support that is tailored to them and chosen by them

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16
Q

What is the Health and Care Act 2022?

A

The act that contains a description of all the powers that different NHS bodies have to collect, analyse and publish information about inequalities between people and their ability to access health services. Also about inequalities between people relating to the outcomes of their time in health services

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17
Q

Why is it important to adapt to change?
(2)

A

It prevents differential outcomes and experiences between cultural groups

It allows everyone to have a good experience within the healthcare system relating to access to care, choice and quality of care. E.g. in areas with higher levels of poverty, often seen in Black, Asian and ethnic minority communities, it’s reported that they experience poorer clinical outcomes, inequalities in health and lower life expectancy, which has a negative impact on patient satisfaction

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18
Q

What are the variations in health services between communities more likely to be a sign of?

A

Differences in service performance towards a certain social or cultural group, leading to unwarranted variation

19
Q

Are unwarranted variations always intentional?

A

No

20
Q

What do unwarranted variations show?

A

That the way we plan and deliver services needs to be changed to give people an equal chance of good outcomes and experiences of care

21
Q

What can the differences in the health and care outcomes of ethnic minority groups be due to?

A

Cultural blindness

22
Q

What is cultural blindness?

A

Claiming not to see differences in race, culture or ethnicity, causing you to treat everyone the same with a one size fits all approach (which doesn’t represent person-centred care or an equal chance for all)

23
Q

What do we need to do to create inclusive care?

A

We need to be able to construct a new dialogues with our patients, their families and our local communities, so they can see themselves as experts in their own lives

24
Q

What does creating inclusive care help to improve?

A

Our services to align to patients’ cultural values, individual beliefs and expectations, so we don’t risk minimising the real differences and cultural contexts that people have- as this has an important role in promoting health and wellbeing

25
Q

What is culture?

A

It can be a way of life for people, or it could be linked to a person’s background or heritage.

26
Q

Is culture genetic?

A

No- it’s learned, shared and transmitted from one generation to the next

27
Q

What are some observations of culture?
(9)

A

Education
Worship and religion
Language
Diet
Art and music
Humour
Clothing
Child-rearing methods
Life experiences and upbringing

28
Q

What are the 2 aspects of culture?

A

Visible aspects

Non-visible aspects

29
Q

What are visible aspects of culture?

A

Obvious and observable characteristics of a group that we can see with our eyes, e.g. music, art, greetings, rituals, etc

30
Q

What are non-visible aspects of culture?

A

The more influential and unrecognised subconscious elements of a group. They include a culture’s core beliefs, values and thought patterns, e.g. what’s seen as right/desirable and what’s not

31
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The process that members of a cultural group adopt the cultural beliefs and behaviours of another group

32
Q

Why does acculturation happen?
(2)

A

Because of their environment

If the group felt rejected or excluded

33
Q

When is acculturation often seen?

A

When people move from one country to another. This can happen by necessity or by choice

34
Q

Why else would cultural information be required in healthcare?
(3)

A

Understanding the content of usual foods included in family meals to help give advice about medicines or the control of diabetes

Awareness of how LGBTQ+ sexuality is viewed or accepted within different cultural or religious groups, which may help to guide conversations around emotional wellbeing

Knowledge of religious observances during pregnancy or childbirth, which may impact on decisions about plans or person-centred care

35
Q

Why can cultural information be a barrier?

A

Because it can cause health and care services to make assumptions or broad generalisations based on race or ethnicity, rather than providing services based on the individual’s needs and preferences

36
Q

When is culturally specific information only useful?
(2)

A

If it’s relevant to the individual concerned

If it’s appropriate to the purpose for which it’s being asked

37
Q

What is the issue with simplifying ethnic minority to BAME?

A

It can cause a risk of individuals oversimplifying ethnic groups

38
Q

Are refugees and asylum seekers with an active application or appeal fully entitled to free NHS care?

A

Yes

39
Q

What are examples of where cultural beliefs could impact health and care needs?
(6)

A

Body language, e.g. making or avoiding eye contact can be seen as rude or polite

Healthcare system- people may be unaware of the system, so they could delay seeking help or following additional care for fear of the cost of care. So we must provide them with this information

Expressing physical and emotional pain- the way patient’s express it could be different based on their specific social and cultural norms. E.g. in some cultures, it could be considered honourable and desirable to be brave ad quiet when in immense pain, yet in other cultures it could be acceptable to openly express distress

Higher powers- some cultures may have a fatalist view due to a belief in a higher power, such as God, so they won’t reach out for help, e.g. it’s god’s will for them to be ill

Being in control- they may see only themselves as responsible for their own health, so they may not seek help from healthcare professionals

The human body- it may be seen as sacred, so they could avoid procedures such as blood transfusions or organ transplants

40
Q

What are some questions that patients may ask/say?
(5)

A

This is something that we have always done in my family for generations

This is normal where I come from, why are professionals challenging me on this?

What life will my children have? It’s important that I raise them in the same way we always have

What will my family and community think of me if I choose not to do what is culturally expected of me?

I won’t do that anymore; I didn’t realise it wasn’t good for my health

41
Q

What are some questions that we (health professionals) may ask/say?
(5)

A

I want to be respectful, but I don’t think this can be good for her health

I haven’t heard of his before, I wonder why people choose to undergo that practice?

I don’t want to be judgemental, but is this something that she and her family may wish to continue now they’re in the UK

I need to know more about this

I am unsure what to do, should I let other professionals know?

42
Q

What should we do if we need support or are concerned?

A

Speak to colleagues, line manager or supervisor

43
Q

How can we create positive interactions with the patients?
(5)

A

Ask them questions- gain information on their expectations and understanding of what you’ve told them

Language and behaviour- be non-judgemental and inclusive towards different cultures

Demonstrate willingness to understand people’s cultural context

Look at their body language- they could be uncomfortable or anxious

Power imbalances- this could affect the user-practitioner relationship in some cultures

44
Q

What should we do about the presentation of the information we give to the patient?
(2)

A

Ask them how they’d like to receive their health information, e.g. written, phone call, etc

Gestures differ in cultures,e.g. shaking head could mean no in one culture but mean yes in another culture. This could cause confusion if interpreted incorrectly

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