CS401A's Prelims: Ethics Module 02 Flashcards
For preliminary exams.
provide frameworks for understanding what is right and wrong.
Moral theories
The guide our decisions and help us navigate complex ethical dilemmas.
Moral theories
is the idea that the rightness or wrongness of actions depends on their outcomes or consequences.
Consequentialism
says that the right action is the one that brings the most happiness or benefit to most people.
Utilitarianism
This looks at each individual action and its outcomes.
Act Consequentialism
Each action is judged by how much happiness it creates.
Act Consequentialism
This looks at whether following certain rules when generally applied, leads to the best outcomes in the long run.
Rule Consequentialism
Founder of utilitarianism,
Jeremy Bentham
said that actions are right if they bring happiness and wrong if they cause pain.
Jeremy Bentham
A follower of Bentham,
John Stuart Mill
who said that some pleasures (like intellectual ones) are more valuable than others (like physical ones).
John Stuart Mill
is the idea that some actions are right or wrong in themselves, no matter what the outcomes are.
Deontology
It focuses on duties and rules we must follow.
Deontology
Deontologists believe we have moral duties (like telling the truth) that must be followed, regardless of the results.
Duty-Based Ethics
This is a rule from philosopher Immanuel Kant that says you should act only in ways that you believe everyone should act.
Categorical Imperative
Int other words, if you think it’s okay to do something, then everyone should be able to do it, too.
Categorical Imperative
Emphasized the importance of developing good character traits to achieve eudaimonia (human flourishing).
Aristotle
Emphasized the importance of developing good character traits to achieve eudaimonia (human flourishing).
Aristotle
The most influential deontologist,
Immanuel Kant
believed in the importance of reason and moral law.
Immanuel Kant
He argued that rational principles must guide moral actions and that individuals should always treat others as ends in themselves, not merely as means to an end.
Immanuel Kant
focuses on the character of the moral agent rather than on rules or consequences.
Virtue ethics
It emphasizes the importance of developing good character traits, or virtues, which enable individuals to live ethically.
Virtue ethics
argues that ethical behavior comes from being a good person rather than following rules or evaluating consequences.
Character Over Action
a key figure in virtue ethics,
Aristotle
proposed the concept of the “golden mean,”
Aristotle
which suggests that virtue lies between two extremes (excess and deficiency).
The Golden Mean
Often regarded as the father of virtue ethics,
Aristotle
emphasized the importance of developing good character traits to achieve eudaimonia (human flourishing).
Aristotle
is is a fundamental concept in ethics and moral philosophy.
Justice
is essential to maintain social order and ensure that individuals have their rights recognized and protected.
Justice
It promotes accountability, discourages wrongdoing, and promotes trust among members of society.
Justice
It focuses on the fair distribution of resources and benefits within society.
distributive justice
It focuses on the fair distribution of resources and benefits within society.
distributive justice
It deals with punishment for wrongdoing.
retributive justice
It emphasizes the idea that individuals who commit crimes should face consequences appropriate to their actions.
retributive justice
focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior.
restorative justice
emphasizes the need for equality and fair treatment for all individuals, particularly marginalized groups.
Social Justice
are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death.
Human rights
The right to live and not be arbitrarily deprived of life
Right to life
The right to personal freedom, including freedom from arbitrary arrest or detention
Right to liberty and security
All individuals should be treated equally and protected by law
Right to equality before the law
The right to express one’s opinions freely without retaliation
Freedom of expression
Protection from arbitrary inteference with personal privacy, family, and home
Right to privacy
Acces to education is a basic right for all individuals
Right to education
The right to gain employment and receive fair compensation for one’s labor
Right to work and fair wages
The right to gather peacefully and form associations
Freedom of assembly
The right to take part in the political process, including voting and running for office.
Right to participate in government
The right to a public hearing, a fair and impartial trial, and legal representation if accused of a crime
Right to a fair trial
