CS401A's Midterms: Comp. Sys. Architect Module 04 Flashcards
For midterms or final exams.
holds instructions (code) and data.
A memory
It plays an important part of a computer performance.
A memory
Memory
is a type of memory with small capacity.
Register
Memory
It can be described as a one-dimensional matrix of cells used to store and retrieve data.
Register
Memory
There are two types of memory used in a computer:
- Primary
- Secondary
(Semiconductors — RAM & ROM)
(HDD, SDD, Flash, Tape, Disk & Optical Drives, etc.)
Memory
Types of semiconductor memory:
- Volatile memory
- Nonvolatile memory
Memory
○ It needs constant power to retain data. Its contents are lost when power is removed from it.
○ Example: Random Access Memory and Cache Memory
- Volatile memory
Memory
○ It keeps its contents even without power. It can retrieve stored information even after having been power cycled.
○ Example: Read-Only Memory and Flash Memory
- Nonvolatile memory
Memory
This is a volatile type of memory.
because any storage location can be accessed directly.
It is called “Random Access” Memory (RAM)
Memory
- The data bus allows the passage of data in or out of the
RAM (Random Access Memory).
Memory
- The address bus is used to select a memory location.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory
- The read signal activates when reading data from
RAM (Random Access Memory).
Memory
- The write line activates when writing to the
RAM (Random Access Memory).
Memory
- RAM Operations:
Read, Write, and Chip Select.
Memory
Types of RAM
- Static RAM (SRAM)
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Memory
is almost 20 times faster and is much more expensive than DRAM.
- Static RAM (SRAM)
Memory
is a one-bit static RAM.
D Flip Flop
* Static RAM (SRAM)
○ Cache
(L1, L2, L3)
Memory
uses fewer components to make one (1) bit; therefore, it can design
integrated circuit (IC) with a large capacity of 4 GB per IC.
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Memory
— It allows faster access to data in the same row or page.
○ Fast Page Mode RAM (FPMRAM)
Memory
works by eliminating the need for a row address if data is located in the row previously accessed.
Page-mode memory
○ Fast Page Mode RAM (FPMRAM)
Memory
— It transfers blocks of data to or from the memory.
○ Extended Data Out (EDORAM)
Memory
— This technology uses DRAM and adds a special interface for synchronization.
○ Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
Memory
It can run at much higher clock speeds than DRAM.
○ Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
Memory
— This was developed by Rambus Corporation.
○ Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)
Memory
— It uses multiple DRAM banks with a new interface that enables DRAM banks to transfer multiple words and transfer data at the rising edge and the falling edge of a clock.
○ Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)
Memory
— It is a type of SDRAM that transfers data for both rising edge and falling edge of the clock.
○ Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)
Memory
It can move data twice as fast than SDRM; therefore, memory can run at the ½ clock rate.
○ Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)
Memory
Types of RAM Packaging
- Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM)
- Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM)
- Rambus In-line Memory Module (RIMM)
Memory
is a small circuit board where one (1) side of the board holds several chips.
- Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM)
Memory
is a circuit board, in which both sides of the board hold several memory chips but has a 64 bit data bus
- Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM)
Memory
— It is a small version of DIMM used commonly in notebook computer.
○ SO-DIMMM (Small Outline)
Memory
— It is a competing memory used on laptops and mostly supports 144 and 172 pins.
○ Micro-DIMM
Memory
is similar to a DIMM package but used different pin settings in which it contains 184 or 232 pins.
- Rambus In-line Memory Module (RIMM)
Memory
From the term, information can be “read” only from this type of memory.
Read-Only Memory
Memory
It holds information permanently even while there is no power
It is a nonvolatile type of memory.
Read-Only Memory
to the ROM.
Memory
Types of ROM
- Programmable ROM (PROM)
- Erasable PROM (EPROM)
- Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)
Memory
is a memory chip where data can be written only once.
- Programmable ROM (PROM)
Memory
can be erased with ultraviolet light and reprogrammed with a device called an
-
Erasable PROM (EPROM)
EPROM programmer.
Memory
Flash ROM is a type of
EEPROM
(Electrically EPROM).
Memory
can be erased by applying specific voltage to one of its pins and can be reprogrammed with an
Example: NAND Flash Memory and BIOS
-
Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)
EPROM programmer.
Memory
— It is a nonvolatile memory that has a wide range of applications
applications such as flash drive, solid-state drive, memory card, and embedded system.
○ Flash Memory
Memory
It is a type of EEPROM that allows multiple memory location to be written or erased on one (1) operation.
○ Flash Memory
Memory
There are two (2) types of technology used for flash memory:
NAND and NOR flash memories.
Memory
has smaller access time than NOR flash memory.
Most flash memories use
NAND flash memory
NAND technology.
Memory
It is the delay in transmission of data through the circuites of a computer’s microprocessor.
What is computer bottlenecking?
Memory
The delay typically occors when a system’s bandwidth cannot support the amount of information being relayed at the speed it is being processed.
What is computer bottlenecking?
Memory
A partition is a defined area in memory that stores a program to be executed.
Memory Partitioning
Memory
is a defined area in memory that stores a program to be executed.
A partition
Memory
defines the processes that could execute in the specific partition.
The partition size
Memory
determines the number of processes that could run concurrently.
The number of partition defined
Memory
— The main memory is divided into several static partitions at system generation time.
- Fixed Partitioning
Memory
A process may be loaded into a partition of equal or greater size.
○ Possibilities: Equal size partitioning and unequal size partitioning
- Fixed Partitioning
Memory
— The partitiones are of variable length and number.
○ Possibilities: Small holes in memory and external fragmentation
- Dynamic Partitioning
Memory
When a process is brought into main memory, it is allocated exactly as much memory as it requires and no more.
- Dynamic Partitioning
Memory
It is used for storing application data and instructinos that are currently not needed to be process by the CPU.
Virtual Memory
Memory
It also enables a system to run application larger than main memory. The hard disk drive (HDD) or solid state drive (SSD) is extended as part of the memory and includes allocations and addresses.
Virtual Memory
Memory
It was the name chosen to represent the level of the memory hierarchy between the processor and main memory.
Caching
Memory
also refers to any storage managed to take advantage of locality of reference.
The term “caching”
Memory
Its main contribution is in improving the execution speed. Its properties include reduction of latency, more capacity, and cache availability.
Caching
Memory
Types of Cache Memory
- L1 Cache (Primary Cache)
- L2 Cache (External Cache)
- L3 Cache (Shared Cache)
Memory
— This cache level is as fast as the processor because it is embedded in the processor.
- L1 Cache (Primary Cache)
Memory
— This cache level is used to catch recent data access from the processor not caught by Level 1.
- L2 Cache (External Cache)
Memory
— This cache catches the recent data all across CPU cores; this is usually slower than L1 and L2.
- L3 Cache (Shared Cache)
Memory
It is the tendency of a processor to access the same set of memory locations repetitively over a short time.
Locality of Reference
Memory
— A resource that is referenced at one (1) point in time is referenced again soon after.
- Temporal Locality
Memory
— The likelihood of referencing a storage location is greater if a storage location near it has been recently referenced.
- Spatial Locality
Memory
Accessing a cache is based on the following predictions:
- Cache Hit
- Cache Miss
Memory
— looking for the same piece of data again.
- Cache Hit
Memory
— data that isn’t in the cache; it causes latency and delay.
- Cache Miss
