Crime Topic 5 Flashcards
What is topic 5
Crime prevention (social)
What are the 2 background research by in this topic
Newman - defensible spaces
Bratton - Zero Tolerance Policies
Zimbardo - broken windows theory
What are defensible spaces
The bounded or semi private areas surrounding living quarters that residence can territorialise so that they appear to belong to someone
What was Newmans theory
The defensible space theory was that houses that evoked territorialism had lower crime rates
He did a correlations study which supported his theory
What was Brattons zero tolerance policy
It was used in New York and it involved relentless law enforcement and aggressive law enforcement for even minor crimes like littering and vandalism
What were the results from the zero tolerance policy (2)
5% reduction in violent crimes
Murder rate reduced by 82% in New York and by 56% in other cities
What were 2 challenges to the zero tolerance policy
7000 extra police officers recruited in the time it was introduced
Cocaine was used less which could have reduces violent crime
What was zimbardos broken windows theory / what was the study
In 1 group he left a car with no licence plate in the bronx
And in another he left the same car again no license plate but in Palo Alto (California)
In group 1 the car was vandalised very quickly and destructed
In group 2 the car was untouched by 1 week, zimbardo then smashed a window with a sledge hammer and within a few hours it was further vandalised
Who was the key resreach by
Wilson and Kelling
What was the method
Review of an article
What were the 3 parts of Wilson and Kellings review article
1 - Safe neighbourhoods
2 - The changing role of the police
3 - Maintaining Order - the way forward
In Safe Neighbourhoods what were 3 key things WK looked at
Safety in neighbourhoods is more about feeling safe rather than low crime rates therefore local people feel relieved when police maintain order
Foot patrols are important as police can recognise regulars and strangers as well as establish relationship with community (confessions easier etc)
Physical disorder is linked to crime - broken windows theory (ximbardo) one unrepaired leads to more because no one cares
In The changing role of the police what were 3 key things WK looked at
Everything police can do is now questioned more under legal framework
This has taken away from the ability of police to maintain order and be a visible presence in communities
Police are reactive rather than interactive
In Maintaining Order - the way forward, what were 3 key things that WK looked at
They should employ private, off duty security guard who do patrol work in residential areas so they can enforce law
Police should protect communities as well as individuals to maintain an intact community as it is important
Police can travel through public transports etc
What are 3 situational crime prevention strategies
Target Hardening
Defensible spaces
Increasing the risk of detection
