Child Topic 4

Question 1

What is topic 4

Answer 1

Cognitive development and education

Question 2

Who are the 2 background research by

Answer 2

Piaget - theory of cognitive development

Vygotsky- zone of proximal development

Question 3

What was Piaget theory

Answer 3

That children develop in stages - a maturational theory of cognitive development that combined nature (stages) and nurture (requires learning)

Question 4

What was the second theory by Piaget

Answer 4

Children learn through the creation and development of schemata (mental unit of knowledge about particular aspect of world )

Question 5

Where is Piaget from

Answer 5

He is Swiss

Question 6

What is accommodation in Piaget theory

Answer 6

Altering and existing schema as a result of new information and or experiences

Question 7

Limitation of Piaget

Answer 7

Ignores the social aspects of learning

Question 8

What is vigotsky theory

Answer 8

The theory that there is a zone of proximal development between what one can’t do one their own and what one cannot do as they can achieve through guidance

Learning is a social process

Children benefit from knowledgeable other

Question 9

What is the impact of vigotsky on education

Answer 9

Collaborative learning - Woking with peers or parties group work allows questions and generating new ideas

Scaffolding (developed by wood based on this theory) - teachers structuring task based on current ability of leaner and then reducing support levels gradually with skill

Question 10

What is impact of Piaget on education

Answer 10

Chickens develop more complex abilities with age

So school curriculum- early education is basic concepts and then after education on more abstract concepts

Question 11

Who is the key research by

Answer 11

Wood

Question 12

What was the aim (2)

Answer 12

To interstate the impact of tutoring
To investigate the instructional relationships between adult tutors and children in the context of skills acquisition and problem solving

Question 13

What was the sample (5)

Answer 13

30 children
Loved within 5 miles of uni

10 of 3,4,5 year olds

Equal male female

Parents volunteered

Question 14

What was the method

Answer 14

Controlled observation at Harvard university in artificial environment

Question 15

What was the dependant variable
How was it measured

Answer 15

the type of interaction

Observing the individual children from 20 minutes to an hour

Question 16

What was the tutors task

Answer 16

Tutor task - to teach a child to build 3d structure of pyramid
It requires skills which was beyond the child
They were told to instruct them verbally but child must’ve as independent as possible

Question 17

What was the procedure

Answer 17

Child sat in front of 21 blocks of various shapes and sizes - they formed pyramid 9 inches high

Free play for 5 mins

Tutor took 2 blocks and joined them together - if child already did it they were told to make more like this

The tutor responded in a systematic way and only intervened if the child stopped building or got into difficulty

A scoring system was developed based in successful assembly and type of intervention.

Behaviours were categorised with an inter rater reliability of 0.94

Question 18

What are 3 behavioural categories

Answer 18

Assisted - tutor indicated correct material

Unassisted - child select material

Interventions - direct(show)
Verbal error prompt (does ir look like this) and straightforward prompt (make more like this)

Question 19

What are 3 results from wood

Answer 19

The most difficult group to accommodate within fixed set of rules was the 4 year olds - tutor committed most violations with that group

4 year old initiated a lot of unstructured behaviours

Tutoring went from showing to telling with age and children required less intervention

Question 20

What are 3 conclusions from wood

Answer 20

As children get older their problem solving abilities improve

Older children at better at accepting and acting on advices (112 interventions ignored by 3yo)

Tutors are proffers and correctors for 4to but confirmer and checker for 5yo

Question 21

What are 3 conclusions regarding the function of a tutor

Answer 21

Recruitment - get learner interested in task and requirements

Reduction in degrees of freedom - about the task and reduce number of steps needed

Frustration control - try to make problem solving less stressful

Question 22

What are the 2 applications

Answer 22

Improving revision
By context depedancy (grant ) - cognitive strategy

Retrieval practice - cognitive strategy

Question 23

Retrieval practice

Answer 23

Instead of simply reading notes and informations, people can improve recall by practicing retrieving info by writing it down without prompt and then add missing infor then retrieve again

Mnemonics - patters or letters or association when remembering info

Question 24

Context dependant memory

Answer 24

Grant - revise and recall information in same contextual environment