Child Topic 4 Flashcards
What is topic 4
Cognitive development and education
Who are the 2 background research by
Piaget - theory of cognitive development
Vygotsky- zone of proximal development
What was Piaget theory
That children develop in stages - a maturational theory of cognitive development that combined nature (stages) and nurture (requires learning)
What was the second theory by Piaget
Children learn through the creation and development of schemata (mental unit of knowledge about particular aspect of world )
Where is Piaget from
He is Swiss
What is accommodation in Piaget theory
Altering and existing schema as a result of new information and or experiences
Limitation of Piaget
Ignores the social aspects of learning
What is vigotsky theory
The theory that there is a zone of proximal development between what one can’t do one their own and what one cannot do as they can achieve through guidance
Learning is a social process
Children benefit from knowledgeable other
What is the impact of vigotsky on education
Collaborative learning - Woking with peers or parties group work allows questions and generating new ideas
Scaffolding (developed by wood based on this theory) - teachers structuring task based on current ability of leaner and then reducing support levels gradually with skill
What is impact of Piaget on education
Chickens develop more complex abilities with age
So school curriculum- early education is basic concepts and then after education on more abstract concepts
Who is the key research by
Wood
What was the aim (2)
To interstate the impact of tutoring
To investigate the instructional relationships between adult tutors and children in the context of skills acquisition and problem solving
What was the sample (5)
30 children
Loved within 5 miles of uni
10 of 3,4,5 year olds
Equal male female
Parents volunteered
What was the method
Controlled observation at Harvard university in artificial environment
What was the dependant variable
How was it measured
the type of interaction
Observing the individual children from 20 minutes to an hour
What was the tutors task
Tutor task - to teach a child to build 3d structure of pyramid
It requires skills which was beyond the child
They were told to instruct them verbally but child must’ve as independent as possible
What was the procedure
Child sat in front of 21 blocks of various shapes and sizes - they formed pyramid 9 inches high
Free play for 5 mins
Tutor took 2 blocks and joined them together - if child already did it they were told to make more like this
The tutor responded in a systematic way and only intervened if the child stopped building or got into difficulty
A scoring system was developed based in successful assembly and type of intervention.
Behaviours were categorised with an inter rater reliability of 0.94
What are 3 behavioural categories
Assisted - tutor indicated correct material
Unassisted - child select material
Interventions - direct(show)
Verbal error prompt (does ir look like this) and straightforward prompt (make more like this)
What are 3 results from wood
The most difficult group to accommodate within fixed set of rules was the 4 year olds - tutor committed most violations with that group
4 year old initiated a lot of unstructured behaviours
Tutoring went from showing to telling with age and children required less intervention
What are 3 conclusions from wood
As children get older their problem solving abilities improve
Older children at better at accepting and acting on advices (112 interventions ignored by 3yo)
Tutors are proffers and correctors for 4to but confirmer and checker for 5yo
What are 3 conclusions regarding the function of a tutor
Recruitment - get learner interested in task and requirements
Reduction in degrees of freedom - about the task and reduce number of steps needed
Frustration control - try to make problem solving less stressful
What are the 2 applications
Improving revision
By context depedancy (grant ) - cognitive strategy
Retrieval practice - cognitive strategy
Retrieval practice
Instead of simply reading notes and informations, people can improve recall by practicing retrieving info by writing it down without prompt and then add missing infor then retrieve again
Mnemonics - patters or letters or association when remembering info
Context dependant memory
Grant - revise and recall information in same contextual environment
