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Psychology > Alternatives To Medical Model + Treatment > Flashcards

Alternatives To Medical Model + Treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the aim of Szaszs (2)

A

To challenge the medical concept mental illness

Reject psychiatric treatments justified but this approach to mental illness

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2
Q

S - key points from mental illness is a metaphor (2)

A

Mental illnesses are undiagnosed bodily illnesses

New unusual behaviours are discovered and referred to as new mental illnesses rather than a physical illness with behavioural symptoms - ever increasing list of disorders

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3
Q

S - 50 years of change in us mental healthcare key points (1)

A

Mental healthcare is now the responsibility of the government and is through medical and political

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4
Q

S - mental illness a medical or legal concept (3)

A

Mental illnesses are defined by political and economical criteria - since what is classed as mental illness was has changed so much (homosexuality)

Mental illness is not a real phenomenon because if it was it wouldn’t change so readily

Mental hospitals are like prisons to control people’s behaviour - they are placed there incorrectly and treated like prisoners rather than receiving treatment for their illness

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5
Q

S - mental illness is in the eye of the beholder (2)

A

Mental illness aren’t medical illnesses because medical treatment of a physical illness requires consent whereas when mental illness treatment deprives parents of their liberty - violation of human rights

Diagnosis of mental illness is based on a doctor making a judgement - it can the measured the way physical illnessses can like temp

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6
Q

S - having an illness doesn’t make someone a patient (3)

A

Mental illness is a myth and a metaphor

Psychiatry is a pseudoscience

Old religious humanistic perspective has been replaced by the modern pseudomedical one

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7
Q

What can be used in defence of sz (2)

A

People with labels subjected to interventions like being sectioned or forced to take drugs

Rosenhabd - diagnosis lacks validity anyways

Behaviours out of norm being labelled as abnormal

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8
Q

What can be used against sz

A

He is wrong - help those who are suffering

Drugs actually work

Gottesman - genetics - it’s actually a thing inherited

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9
Q

Individual / situation szasz

A

Individuals should be treated according to their mental illness with drugs etc

Situational - sz society’s reaction to those with mental illness causes incorrect diagnosis and treatment

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10
Q

Holistic or reductionist (sz)

A

Holistic - medical model is reductionist

Mental illness can’t be viewed in that specific way

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11
Q

Free will / determinism sz

A

Free wlll - they should be active players in their treatment etc

Deterministic - medical model

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12
Q

Which mental illness is used with the behaviourist explanation

A

Phobias

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13
Q

3 key concepts of behaviourist explanation

A

All behaviour is learnt therefore what can be learnt can be unlearnt

We are products of our environment

Blank slate at birth

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14
Q

What are the 2 main concepts of the behaviourist explanation

A

Operant conditioning and classical conditioning

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15
Q

What is classical conditioning and what study is associated with it

A

Watson and Rayner

Making an association between 2 unrelated things

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16
Q

What was the Watson and rayner study

A

Little Al - unconditiones stimulus was life and ucr was fear and crying

UCS and neutral stimulus (rat) introduced leading to ucr of fear and crying

Then conditioned stimulus rat let to conditioned response fear

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17
Q

How does classical conditioning explain phobias

A

Suggest phobias are a result of an association with something else - mental illnesses are learnt from environment

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18
Q

How does operant conditioning explain phobias

A

Negative reinforcement - the happiness when avoiding phobia encourages you to continue avoiding it

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19
Q

How can the behaviourist explanation be considered reductionist

How can it be holistic

A

Only looks at the effect of association and no other factors

When combining classical and operant conditioning

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20
Q

How does the behaviourist explanation ignore individualism

A

Ignores individyal differnevs - not all phobias can be explained by bad experiences
Not all bad experiences lead to phobias

21
Q

What mental illness is the cognitive explanation used to explain

A

Depression

22
Q

What are the 3 key concepts of the cognitive explanation

A

Cognitive distortion

Negative schema

Negative triad

23
Q

What are the 3 parts of cognitive distortion

A

Overgeneralising (viewing one unfortunate event as part of a never ending defeat or struggle)

Filtering - giving greater consideration to the negative aspects and downplaying anything positive

Catastrophisation - feeling that a situation outcome is it will be far worse than it actually is or turns out to be

24
Q

What is the negative schema

A

A schema is a package of knowledge we gave about something

And a negative schemas are learnt from childhood so you adapt a negative view of the world due to things like criticism parents abuse

25
Q

What is the negative triad

A

Self - world - future

Having negative thoughts about yourself which then become negative about world and then negative about dirtier

26
Q

How is the cognitive explanation useful

A

It is practical applications - to challenge faulty thoughts

27
Q

How is the cognitive explanation interactionists

A

It looks at both nature and nurture (leaning and experience as well as an individuals brain innate capacity as information processors

28
Q

How is the behaviourist perspective reductionist

A

It doesn’t explain all the aspects of depression, over simplified it when it is actually very complex -

Ignores the biological explanations that could be better at explaining it (ie genes and neurotransmitters )

29
Q

How is the cognitive explanation individualist

A

Loooks ta the reason of abnormality by looking at the way that a person thinks - everything is based on that

Is a weakness cos people being blamed for their depression even though other things like environmental factors could have caused it

30
Q

Is the cognitive explanation valid

A

Yes - very successful CBT which most effective method of treating a variety of disorders like depression

31
Q

Why can cognitive explanation be seen as ethical and unethical

A

Individual has power to change

They are the cause of it

32
Q

Is cognitive explanation scientific

A

It can be - study by beck showing people with depression had more faulty thinking than those who didn’t

But hard to assess whether faulty thoughts cause depression or caused by the depression

33
Q

Which mental illness is the psychodynamic explanation about

A

Phobias

34
Q

Outline the psychodynamic explanation of phobia

A

Disorders are caused by unconscious factors such as fears desires and memories of traumatic events

There are 3 parts of the psyche , Id ego and superego

Id is pleasure principle the ego is reality principle and superego is the morality principle

Ego causes defence mechanism to protect conscious mind from distress in emotions and thoughts

For example displacement, denial, regression

Example is Freud - fear of father displaced into fear of horses

35
Q

What is the id ego and superego
What happens when psyche is unbalanced

A

Id- irrational and chaotic - wanting all at once

Ego - is moderator, making acceptable decisions by societal expectations

Superego- shame and guilt punishes id

Unbalanced superego- ocd and anxiety
Unbalanced id - gambling and additction
So basically manifest into disorders

36
Q

How is psychodynamic explanation useful

A

Can be used psychoanalysis to treat phobias

Brining what it is unconscious mind to conscious mind to treat it

37
Q

How can psychodynamic explanation be seen as valid

A

Psychoanalysis is effective

38
Q

Is the psychodynamic explanation determinism

A

Yes - unconscious mind determines behaviours - unaware of those internal forces

39
Q

How is psychodynamic both Individual and situations

A

Phobias specific to each person due to unique experience and unique minds

Situation - looking at childhood

40
Q

How can psychodynamic perspective be reductionist and holistic

A

Only looks at unconscious mind

Looks at factors like psyche, childhood , defence mechanisms, Oedipus complex

41
Q

What is a non biological treatment of mental illness

A

Systematic desensitisation

42
Q

What is systematic desensitisation based on

A

Behaviourust explanation

Idea that was is learnt can be unlearnt

43
Q

What is the aim of systematic desensitisation

A

Replacing a maladaptive response (fear) with a more appropriate response (relaxation )

44
Q

What are the 3 parts to sd

A

Progressive muscle relaxation

Fear / anxiety hierarchy

Gradual exposure while relaxing

45
Q

Why does the idea of sd word

A

You can’t feel fear and relaxation at the same time (reciprocal inhibition)

46
Q

Deep muscle relaxation

A

Teaching the patent how to relax all their muscles completely by clenching and unclenching muscles etc

47
Q

What is fear / anxiety hierarchy

A

Create a hierarchy of situations and objects that th patient is fearful of
From least to most fearful eg from lookind at picture of spider
To having spider crawl on them

48
Q

What is gradual exposure while relaxing - what are the 2 ways it can be down

A

In vivo real life
In vitro imagining

Working through the heriachy in real life or imagine while trying to relaxing completely as learnt originally
Patient has to feel completely relaxed when in or imaging situation before moving on
If they can’t feel relaxed they can move back a stage

Psychology (18 decks)

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