Alternatives To Medical Model + Treatment Flashcards
What was the aim of Szaszs (2)
To challenge the medical concept mental illness
Reject psychiatric treatments justified but this approach to mental illness
S - key points from mental illness is a metaphor (2)
Mental illnesses are undiagnosed bodily illnesses
New unusual behaviours are discovered and referred to as new mental illnesses rather than a physical illness with behavioural symptoms - ever increasing list of disorders
S - 50 years of change in us mental healthcare key points (1)
Mental healthcare is now the responsibility of the government and is through medical and political
S - mental illness a medical or legal concept (3)
Mental illnesses are defined by political and economical criteria - since what is classed as mental illness was has changed so much (homosexuality)
Mental illness is not a real phenomenon because if it was it wouldn’t change so readily
Mental hospitals are like prisons to control people’s behaviour - they are placed there incorrectly and treated like prisoners rather than receiving treatment for their illness
S - mental illness is in the eye of the beholder (2)
Mental illness aren’t medical illnesses because medical treatment of a physical illness requires consent whereas when mental illness treatment deprives parents of their liberty - violation of human rights
Diagnosis of mental illness is based on a doctor making a judgement - it can the measured the way physical illnessses can like temp
S - having an illness doesn’t make someone a patient (3)
Mental illness is a myth and a metaphor
Psychiatry is a pseudoscience
Old religious humanistic perspective has been replaced by the modern pseudomedical one
What can be used in defence of sz (2)
People with labels subjected to interventions like being sectioned or forced to take drugs
Rosenhabd - diagnosis lacks validity anyways
Behaviours out of norm being labelled as abnormal
What can be used against sz
He is wrong - help those who are suffering
Drugs actually work
Gottesman - genetics - it’s actually a thing inherited
Individual / situation szasz
Individuals should be treated according to their mental illness with drugs etc
Situational - sz society’s reaction to those with mental illness causes incorrect diagnosis and treatment
Holistic or reductionist (sz)
Holistic - medical model is reductionist
Mental illness can’t be viewed in that specific way
Free will / determinism sz
Free wlll - they should be active players in their treatment etc
Deterministic - medical model
Which mental illness is used with the behaviourist explanation
Phobias
3 key concepts of behaviourist explanation
All behaviour is learnt therefore what can be learnt can be unlearnt
We are products of our environment
Blank slate at birth
What are the 2 main concepts of the behaviourist explanation
Operant conditioning and classical conditioning
What is classical conditioning and what study is associated with it
Watson and Rayner
Making an association between 2 unrelated things
What was the Watson and rayner study
Little Al - unconditiones stimulus was life and ucr was fear and crying
UCS and neutral stimulus (rat) introduced leading to ucr of fear and crying
Then conditioned stimulus rat let to conditioned response fear
How does classical conditioning explain phobias
Suggest phobias are a result of an association with something else - mental illnesses are learnt from environment
How does operant conditioning explain phobias
Negative reinforcement - the happiness when avoiding phobia encourages you to continue avoiding it
How can the behaviourist explanation be considered reductionist
How can it be holistic
Only looks at the effect of association and no other factors
When combining classical and operant conditioning
How does the behaviourist explanation ignore individualism
Ignores individyal differnevs - not all phobias can be explained by bad experiences
Not all bad experiences lead to phobias
What mental illness is the cognitive explanation used to explain
Depression
What are the 3 key concepts of the cognitive explanation
Cognitive distortion
Negative schema
Negative triad
What are the 3 parts of cognitive distortion
Overgeneralising (viewing one unfortunate event as part of a never ending defeat or struggle)
Filtering - giving greater consideration to the negative aspects and downplaying anything positive
Catastrophisation - feeling that a situation outcome is it will be far worse than it actually is or turns out to be
What is the negative schema
A schema is a package of knowledge we gave about something
And a negative schemas are learnt from childhood so you adapt a negative view of the world due to things like criticism parents abuse
What is the negative triad
Self - world - future
Having negative thoughts about yourself which then become negative about world and then negative about dirtier
How is the cognitive explanation useful
It is practical applications - to challenge faulty thoughts
How is the cognitive explanation interactionists
It looks at both nature and nurture (leaning and experience as well as an individuals brain innate capacity as information processors
How is the behaviourist perspective reductionist
It doesn’t explain all the aspects of depression, over simplified it when it is actually very complex -
Ignores the biological explanations that could be better at explaining it (ie genes and neurotransmitters )
How is the cognitive explanation individualist
Loooks ta the reason of abnormality by looking at the way that a person thinks - everything is based on that
Is a weakness cos people being blamed for their depression even though other things like environmental factors could have caused it
Is the cognitive explanation valid
Yes - very successful CBT which most effective method of treating a variety of disorders like depression
Why can cognitive explanation be seen as ethical and unethical
Individual has power to change
They are the cause of it
Is cognitive explanation scientific
It can be - study by beck showing people with depression had more faulty thinking than those who didn’t
But hard to assess whether faulty thoughts cause depression or caused by the depression
Which mental illness is the psychodynamic explanation about
Phobias
Outline the psychodynamic explanation of phobia
Disorders are caused by unconscious factors such as fears desires and memories of traumatic events
There are 3 parts of the psyche , Id ego and superego
Id is pleasure principle the ego is reality principle and superego is the morality principle
Ego causes defence mechanism to protect conscious mind from distress in emotions and thoughts
For example displacement, denial, regression
Example is Freud - fear of father displaced into fear of horses
What is the id ego and superego
What happens when psyche is unbalanced
Id- irrational and chaotic - wanting all at once
Ego - is moderator, making acceptable decisions by societal expectations
Superego- shame and guilt punishes id
Unbalanced superego- ocd and anxiety
Unbalanced id - gambling and additction
So basically manifest into disorders
How is psychodynamic explanation useful
Can be used psychoanalysis to treat phobias
Brining what it is unconscious mind to conscious mind to treat it
How can psychodynamic explanation be seen as valid
Psychoanalysis is effective
Is the psychodynamic explanation determinism
Yes - unconscious mind determines behaviours - unaware of those internal forces
How is psychodynamic both Individual and situations
Phobias specific to each person due to unique experience and unique minds
Situation - looking at childhood
How can psychodynamic perspective be reductionist and holistic
Only looks at unconscious mind
Looks at factors like psyche, childhood , defence mechanisms, Oedipus complex
What is a non biological treatment of mental illness
Systematic desensitisation
What is systematic desensitisation based on
Behaviourust explanation
Idea that was is learnt can be unlearnt
What is the aim of systematic desensitisation
Replacing a maladaptive response (fear) with a more appropriate response (relaxation )
What are the 3 parts to sd
Progressive muscle relaxation
Fear / anxiety hierarchy
Gradual exposure while relaxing
Why does the idea of sd word
You can’t feel fear and relaxation at the same time (reciprocal inhibition)
Deep muscle relaxation
Teaching the patent how to relax all their muscles completely by clenching and unclenching muscles etc
What is fear / anxiety hierarchy
Create a hierarchy of situations and objects that th patient is fearful of
From least to most fearful eg from lookind at picture of spider
To having spider crawl on them
What is gradual exposure while relaxing - what are the 2 ways it can be down
In vivo real life
In vitro imagining
Working through the heriachy in real life or imagine while trying to relaxing completely as learnt originally
Patient has to feel completely relaxed when in or imaging situation before moving on
If they can’t feel relaxed they can move back a stage
