Child Topic 2

Question 1

What is topic 2

Answer 1

Pre adult Brain development ( biological)

Question 2

Who are the 2 background researchers

Answer 2

Chein

Anda

Question 3

What was the 2 IV in cheins study

Answer 3

Age (adult or adolescent)

Alone or with 2 peers

Question 4

What were the 3 DV in cheins study

Answer 4

Number of risks taken
Number of crashes
FMRI brain activity

Question 5

What was the method of chein

Answer 5

Lab experiment / quasi

Question 6

What was the procedure (chein)

Answer 6

Participants did a computer based driving task, from drivers point of view
It had 20 intersections where they could either take risk and keep going or stop at the amber light.

Risk taking was encouraged with monetary incentives

Stopping was time delay but taking risk could have also delayed time
further

Told it was 6 mins max and they had to do it as quick as possible

Did it 4 times (2 alone and 2 with peers watching)

They were in an fMRI scanner when doing the task to examine brain activity

Question 7

What was the manipulation to social context (chein)

Answer 7

All ps asked to bring 2 peers of the same sex with ten who would would watch them in 2 of the 4 trials

Question 8

What are 3 results from the study (chein)

Answer 8

Teens made a lot more risky decisions when peers watching

Teens more crashes when peers watching

Teens had greater ventral striatum activity when peers watching - reward associated with taking risks

Question 9

What was the method of Andas study

Answer 9

Self report - adverse childhood experiences questionnaire

Question 10

What was the procedure of Andas study

Answer 10

Questionnaire completed by 17337 adults in San Diego on 8 adverse childhood experiences as well as risky behaviours in adulthood

Question 11

What was the mean age of sample ( Anda)

How many people in the sample

Answer 11

56

17337

Question 12

What were the results of Anda study

Answer 12

The more Adverse childhood experiences - the more risky behaviours (correlation)

Early stressor affect development of reward system - risky behaviours sought out to experience rewards

Question 13

What are 2 ACE

What are 2 risky behaviours

Answer 13

Witnessing domestic violence
Emotional abuse

Drug use
Sexual behaviours

Question 14

Who was the main study by

Answer 14

Barkley - Levenson

Question 15

What was the aim of BL study

Answer 15

To investigate whether teens attach more value to money than adults do

Question 16

What was the method and design of BL

Answer 16

Quasi experiment

Matched pairs (on disposable income)

Question 17

What was the sample of BL
How were they recruited

Answer 17

19 healthy right handed adults (25-30)
22 healthy right handed adolescents (13-17)

Through newspaper

Question 18

What was the IV and DV (BL)

Answer 18

Adult or adolescent

Neural activity in ventral striatum
Behavioural response to gambling task

Question 19

What was the procedure (BL)

Answer 19

Participants attended an inatek session for Neuro imaging and gave consent - from them or parents, they were given 20 dollars cash - playing money

Then they came again and took part in gambling task where they could win or lose between 5 and 20 dollars - while in an fMRI scanner

Question 20

What were the results (3) BL

Answer 20

The teens were more likely to gamble if there was a higher expected value ( more to gain and less to lose)

Teens have greater activity in the ventral striatum (even when gambling behaviour was similar as adults)

Income had no effect - teens still had more preference for money

Question 21

What are 2 strategies (driving related)

Answer 21

Graduated Driving License Schemes
- restrictions and probations for new drivers
- already in place in many countries
- based on things like chein study

Operant conditioning
- positive or negative reinforcement
- black box in cars
- increase or decrease their insurance
- rewards

Question 22

What is a country where GDL is used
And what is the restrictions / probation

Answer 22

Australia

3 year probation

Max speed 56mph, immediate suspension for speeding offences, night time driving restrictions (no one age under 21 between 11 and 5)