Child Topic 2 Flashcards
What is topic 2
Pre adult Brain development ( biological)
Who are the 2 background researchers
Chein
Anda
What was the 2 IV in cheins study
Age (adult or adolescent)
Alone or with 2 peers
What were the 3 DV in cheins study
Number of risks taken
Number of crashes
FMRI brain activity
What was the method of chein
Lab experiment / quasi
What was the procedure (chein)
Participants did a computer based driving task, from drivers point of view
It had 20 intersections where they could either take risk and keep going or stop at the amber light.
Risk taking was encouraged with monetary incentives
Stopping was time delay but taking risk could have also delayed time
further
Told it was 6 mins max and they had to do it as quick as possible
Did it 4 times (2 alone and 2 with peers watching)
They were in an fMRI scanner when doing the task to examine brain activity
What was the manipulation to social context (chein)
All ps asked to bring 2 peers of the same sex with ten who would would watch them in 2 of the 4 trials
What are 3 results from the study (chein)
Teens made a lot more risky decisions when peers watching
Teens more crashes when peers watching
Teens had greater ventral striatum activity when peers watching - reward associated with taking risks
What was the method of Andas study
Self report - adverse childhood experiences questionnaire
What was the procedure of Andas study
Questionnaire completed by 17337 adults in San Diego on 8 adverse childhood experiences as well as risky behaviours in adulthood
What was the mean age of sample ( Anda)
How many people in the sample
56
17337
What were the results of Anda study
The more Adverse childhood experiences - the more risky behaviours (correlation)
Early stressor affect development of reward system - risky behaviours sought out to experience rewards
What are 2 ACE
What are 2 risky behaviours
Witnessing domestic violence
Emotional abuse
Drug use
Sexual behaviours
Who was the main study by
Barkley - Levenson
What was the aim of BL study
To investigate whether teens attach more value to money than adults do
What was the method and design of BL
Quasi experiment
Matched pairs (on disposable income)
What was the sample of BL
How were they recruited
19 healthy right handed adults (25-30)
22 healthy right handed adolescents (13-17)
Through newspaper
What was the IV and DV (BL)
Adult or adolescent
Neural activity in ventral striatum
Behavioural response to gambling task
What was the procedure (BL)
Participants attended an inatek session for Neuro imaging and gave consent - from them or parents, they were given 20 dollars cash - playing money
Then they came again and took part in gambling task where they could win or lose between 5 and 20 dollars - while in an fMRI scanner
What were the results (3) BL
The teens were more likely to gamble if there was a higher expected value ( more to gain and less to lose)
Teens have greater activity in the ventral striatum (even when gambling behaviour was similar as adults)
Income had no effect - teens still had more preference for money
What are 2 strategies (driving related)
Graduated Driving License Schemes
- restrictions and probations for new drivers
- already in place in many countries
- based on things like chein study
Operant conditioning
- positive or negative reinforcement
- black box in cars
- increase or decrease their insurance
- rewards
What is a country where GDL is used
And what is the restrictions / probation
Australia
3 year probation
Max speed 56mph, immediate suspension for speeding offences, night time driving restrictions (no one age under 21 between 11 and 5)
