Child Topic 3

Question 1

What is topic 3

Answer 1

Perceptual development (cognitive)

Question 2

What is perception

Answer 2

The way our minds organise, process and make sense of sensory data

Question 3

What is acuity

Answer 3

The shortness of our vision - ability to detect fine details

Question 4

What is binocular vision

Answer 4

The ability to perceive depth using info from both visual fields

Question 5

What are 3 visual differences (background of perception)

Answer 5

Colour - Babies prefer bold and high contrast

Facial recognition - infants show preference for typical over scrambled faces

Depth perception - use binoculars cues as well as motion parallels and relative size

Question 6

What is motion parallax

Answer 6

Objects near in the visual field appear to be moving faster than those further away

Question 7

What is relative size

Answer 7

Objects are smaller the farther away they are

Question 8

What are the 3 background research / concepts

Answer 8

Blake Moore and cooper

Goren

Perception

Question 9

What was the sample in goren (2)

Answer 9

40 newborn infants

Median age 9 minutes

Question 10

What are results from goren

Answer 10

Responsiveness significantly greater to a proper face pattern that to either of the 2 scrambled versions of the same stimulus or to a blank

Question 11

What was procedure of gorens background study

Answer 11

Infants turned their eyes and head to follow a series of moving stimuli

Question 12

Brief procedure of blakemoore and cooper

Answer 12

Raised kittens from birth to 5 months in either vertical or horizontal environment

Question 13

Results from blakemoore and cooper

Answer 13

Vertically reared kittens don’t perceive horizontal lines and vice versa

Early visual environment is crucial as it’s a sensitive period to develop orientation detecting neurones in primary and visual cortex

Question 14

Who was the main study by

Answer 14

Gibson and walk

Question 15

What was the aim (2)

Answer 15

To find evidence to support the theory that humans and species have innate depth perception and to find out which visual clues influence depth perception (pattern density or motion parallax )

Question 16

What was the sample int he main study (3)

Answer 16

36 infants

Aged 6-14 months

Animals - chicks turtles lambs and rats etc

Question 17

What was the method and design for babies and animals

Answer 17

Lab experiments
Repeated measures

Animals was quasi experiment

Question 18

What was the IV (1) and the DV(2) (main study )

Answer 18

Where the mother called them from (deep or shallow side )

Behavioural responses and preference of side

Question 19

What was the procedure for the main study

Answer 19

The child was placed on the centre board and drhe mother stood on either the deep or shallow side and called to child for 2 minutes and then swapped sides then 2 mins again

The children’s responses were observed

Done with both animals and children

Question 20

What are 3 results from the children

Answer 20

All 27 infants crawled to the shallow side

Only 3 (11%) crawled onto glass (deep side )

Some patted glass with hands and still moved away

Maybe crawled away to shallow side when mother called from deep side and some cried

Question 21

What are 3 results from the animals

Answer 21

All chicks went to the shallow side - even less than 24 hours old

No kid/ lamb went into deep side even at on day old - refused to put feet down and froze in defensive posture

Both dark and light reared rats showed preference for shallow side

Dark reared kittens no preference but after a week of light preferred shallow side - overall kittens had excellent depth discrimination

Question 22

What are 3 conclusions

Answer 22

Most human infants can discriminate spent as soon as they crawl (6-14 months so we dk how much is nature nurture )

Depth perception is innate in rats but is maturational in kittens

Humans and animals developed depth perception by the time of onset mobility - suited to habitat and behaviour of species

Question 23

What is an application for this topic and who is it useful to and why

Answer 23

Sensory integration

People with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder

They struggle to receive process and understand sensory information and can be hypo/ hyper sensitive to some stimuli

Question 24

What are 4 sensory integrative therapies that can be used

Answer 24

Touch - sticky textures : your play dough and other naturals like sand (for children who enjoy the feel of it)

Brushing programme - for children who are very sensitive to touch (desensitise children to touch by systematically brushing their body at regularly intervals throughout the day )

Children with ASD enjoy sense form of overall pressure - weighted blankets and belts and firm hugs (basis for play interaction and showing affection )

Smell - scented toys like fragrances play dough

Sound - some people with ASD respond to music but not voiced so toys, Rythms, clapping

Question 25

What are 2 controls from the main study

Answer 25

Reflections form the glass eliminates by lighting the patterned surfaces from below the glass

Patterned surface replaced with grey surface

Question 26

What are the strategies in this topic backed by (3)

Answer 26

Research by ayres- said senses are neurologically organised and that’s why sensory integration helps

Cope with sensory and perceptual difficulties

Was an educational psychologist and occupational therapist