Child Topic 3 Flashcards
What is topic 3
Perceptual development (cognitive)
What is perception
The way our minds organise, process and make sense of sensory data
What is acuity
The shortness of our vision - ability to detect fine details
What is binocular vision
The ability to perceive depth using info from both visual fields
What are 3 visual differences (background of perception)
Colour - Babies prefer bold and high contrast
Facial recognition - infants show preference for typical over scrambled faces
Depth perception - use binoculars cues as well as motion parallels and relative size
What is motion parallax
Objects near in the visual field appear to be moving faster than those further away
What is relative size
Objects are smaller the farther away they are
What are the 3 background research / concepts
Blake Moore and cooper
Goren
Perception
What was the sample in goren (2)
40 newborn infants
Median age 9 minutes
What are results from goren
Responsiveness significantly greater to a proper face pattern that to either of the 2 scrambled versions of the same stimulus or to a blank
What was procedure of gorens background study
Infants turned their eyes and head to follow a series of moving stimuli
Brief procedure of blakemoore and cooper
Raised kittens from birth to 5 months in either vertical or horizontal environment
Results from blakemoore and cooper
Vertically reared kittens don’t perceive horizontal lines and vice versa
Early visual environment is crucial as it’s a sensitive period to develop orientation detecting neurones in primary and visual cortex
Who was the main study by
Gibson and walk
What was the aim (2)
To find evidence to support the theory that humans and species have innate depth perception and to find out which visual clues influence depth perception (pattern density or motion parallax )
What was the sample int he main study (3)
36 infants
Aged 6-14 months
Animals - chicks turtles lambs and rats etc
What was the method and design for babies and animals
Lab experiments
Repeated measures
Animals was quasi experiment
What was the IV (1) and the DV(2) (main study )
Where the mother called them from (deep or shallow side )
Behavioural responses and preference of side
What was the procedure for the main study
The child was placed on the centre board and drhe mother stood on either the deep or shallow side and called to child for 2 minutes and then swapped sides then 2 mins again
The children’s responses were observed
Done with both animals and children
What are 3 results from the children
All 27 infants crawled to the shallow side
Only 3 (11%) crawled onto glass (deep side )
Some patted glass with hands and still moved away
Maybe crawled away to shallow side when mother called from deep side and some cried
What are 3 results from the animals
All chicks went to the shallow side - even less than 24 hours old
No kid/ lamb went into deep side even at on day old - refused to put feet down and froze in defensive posture
Both dark and light reared rats showed preference for shallow side
Dark reared kittens no preference but after a week of light preferred shallow side - overall kittens had excellent depth discrimination
What are 3 conclusions
Most human infants can discriminate spent as soon as they crawl (6-14 months so we dk how much is nature nurture )
Depth perception is innate in rats but is maturational in kittens
Humans and animals developed depth perception by the time of onset mobility - suited to habitat and behaviour of species
What is an application for this topic and who is it useful to and why
Sensory integration
People with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder
They struggle to receive process and understand sensory information and can be hypo/ hyper sensitive to some stimuli
What are 4 sensory integrative therapies that can be used
Touch - sticky textures : your play dough and other naturals like sand (for children who enjoy the feel of it)
Brushing programme - for children who are very sensitive to touch (desensitise children to touch by systematically brushing their body at regularly intervals throughout the day )
Children with ASD enjoy sense form of overall pressure - weighted blankets and belts and firm hugs (basis for play interaction and showing affection )
Smell - scented toys like fragrances play dough
Sound - some people with ASD respond to music but not voiced so toys, Rythms, clapping
What are 2 controls from the main study
Reflections form the glass eliminates by lighting the patterned surfaces from below the glass
Patterned surface replaced with grey surface
What are the strategies in this topic backed by (3)
Research by ayres- said senses are neurologically organised and that’s why sensory integration helps
Cope with sensory and perceptual difficulties
Was an educational psychologist and occupational therapist
