Child Topic 5

Question 1

What is topic 5

Answer 1

Development of attachment (social)

Question 2

Who are the 2 background ressearch by

Answer 2

Bowlby - theory of attachment

Harlow - monkey studies

Question 3

Outline Harlow study
What was the method

Answer 3

Laboratory experiment

Surrogate mother condition
8 monkeys separated rom mothers immediately after birth d paved I cages with access to 2 surrogate mothers (one of worse and one of cloth)

4 of the moneys got milk from wire mother and 4 from cloth mother

The animals studied for 165 days

Privation condition
Monkeys isolated from birth - then put them back in with other monkeys

Question 4

What are the results from the moneys with surrogate mothers

Answer 4

Both groups spent more time with cloth mother even is she had no milk - only went to wire when needed food

With frightening object - always took refuge with cloth mother (safe base )

The sensory response and security of a caregiver is more important than the provision of food - theory of attachment

Question 5

2 results form monkeys in privation

Answer 5

Bizarre behaviours like rocking compulsively and clutching own bodies

With other moneys they became very aggressive and indulged in self mutilation (tear hair out and scratch and bite )

Question 6

What are 2 conclusions from Harlow

Answer 6

For a monkey to develop normally they must have some interaction with an inject which it can cling to during the first months ( critical period )

Early maternal deprivation leads to emotional damage but the impact can be reversed I monies if an a attachment made before end of critical period

Question 7

What is maternal deprivation

Answer 7

Failure to from an attachment with a primary caregiver within the first 18 months to 2 years

Question 8

What are the key features of attachment from bowlbys theory

Answer 8

Proximity seeking
Separation anxiety
Happened at reunion

Question 9

D

Answer 9

X

Question 10

What was bowblyns main points (3)

Answer 10

Child has innate need to attach to one main attachment figure

A child needs continuous care of this main attachment figure for at least first 2 years

There are long term consequences of maternal deprivation for example depression, affectionless psychopathy and increased aggression

Question 11

What was the aim of bowlbys study

Answer 11

To investigate the long term effects of maternal deprivation on people to see if delinquents have suffered deprivation

Question 12

What was the method of bowlbys study (44 thieves )

Answer 12

Interviews

Question 13

What was the sample of bowlbys study

Answer 13

Opportunity sample of 88 children from clinic he worked at (65 boys )

44 were juvenile thieves referred to him cos of their stealing, he selected another 44 who hadn’t commuted any crimes - emotional problems

Question 14

What was the procedure of bowlby

Answer 14

Each child had iq tested by a psychologist who assessed emotional attitudes towards the test

Matched for iq and age

Children and parents interviewed about early life (by psychiatrist psychologist and social workers)

Question 15

What are 2 results from bowlbys

Answer 15

14 children from their group identified as affectionless psychopaths and 12 had experienced prolonged separation of more than 6 months from their mothers in first 2 years of life

Only 5 of 30 not classified as affectionless psychopath had experienced separation

Only 2 prolonged separation out of 44 I control group - none psychopaths

Question 16

Who was the key research by

Answer 16

Ainsworth and bell

Question 17

What was the aim of AB

Answer 17

Investigate the interaction between infant attachment behaviour and other behaviours like exploration. Separation anxiety and fear of standers

Question 18

What was the method of AB (3)

Answer 18

Controlled observation
Structured and overt
High inter rater (0.99)

Question 19

What was the sample of AB (2)

Answer 19

56 white middle class children
49-51 weeks old

Question 20

What was the procedure of AB study’s (8 steps)

Answer 20

1 researcher introduced parent and baby to playroom and leaves

2 parent is seated while baby plays with toys (parent as secure base)

3 stranger enters is seated nd talks to parents

4 parent leaves and stranger responds ro baby and offers comfort if upset

5 parent returns greets baby and offers comfort in necessary

6 parent leaves room

7 stranver enters and offers comfort

8 parent returns greets and offers comfort if never say and re interest in toys

Question 21

How long did the episodes last in AB study

Answer 21

3 minutes however separation cut short if child wasn’t distressed and reunions extended if child took longer to be calmed

Question 22

How was the data collected in AB

Answer 22

5 classes of behaviour in a 7 point rating scale for example proximity seeking and contact maintaining

Question 23

What were results from AB

Answer 23

Children use mother as a secure base in which explore from - exploratory behaviour decreased when mother left and when stranger entered

No sig increase in crying when stranger entered but sig when mother left but not sig decrease when stranger returned so crying was cos mother left not cos of being alone

Question 24

3 conclusions from AB

Answer 24

In threatening situations attachment behaviour increases

Absence of mother heightens attachment behaviour and lessens exploration of an unfamiliar situation

Individual differences in attachment

Question 25

What are 2 applications

Answer 25

Attachment friendly environments

Family centred care and high quality day care

Question 26

Family centred care

Answer 26

Implemented in hospitals - meeting soon and emotional needs of the child and also the parents - parents having overnight stays and visitation hours to maintain attachment and meet needs

Visitation from siblings and other families

Respecting Individuals choices and differences

Engaging parents in child’s care

Question 27

High quality day care

Answer 27

Low child to caregiver ratio eg for those nder 2 - one carer to 3 kids

Each child has key worker who helps child feel safe and cared for

Familiar figure for child and become more confident to explore and safe

50% of staff have childcare qualification - staff tested well and paid well to prevent high staff turnover cos if leave constantly then attachments won’t form