CRANIUM Flashcards by Eilidh MacCormick

SCALP ACRONYM

s - skin - outermost layer
c - connective tissue dense - subcutaneous layer rich in neurovascular structures
a - epicranial aponeurosis - tough layer containing muscle attachments
l - loose connective tissue - allows free movement of outer layers, contains spaces susceptible to distension
p - pericranium - external periosteum of the skull

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VIA WHAT CAN INFECTION SPREAD FROM LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE INTO BRAIN OR EYELIDS/NOSE

brain - emissary nerves
nose/eyelids - frontal belly of occipitofrontalis inserts into skin not bone

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WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES SENSATION TO ANTERIOR SCALP AND ENTIRE FACE

CN V

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WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES SENSATION TO POSTERIOR OF SCALP , HEAD AND ANGLE OF MANDIBLE

cervical nerves 2 and 3 (C2 AND C3)

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ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO ANTERIOR SCALP

ICA via opthalmic branch branches supraorbital and supratrochlear

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ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO POSTERIOR AND LATERAL SCALP

ECA via superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital

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VENOUS DRAINAGE OF SCALP

veins have same names as arteries - supraorbital , supratrochlear, superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital
all drain into EJV except occipital which drains into IJV

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ARTERIO VENOUS ANASTOMOSES

direct connections between small arteries and veins
prevalent in scalp and lie superficially so can bleed profusely

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ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
- occupied by
- bones in make up

occupied by frontal lobes,
shallowest part of cranial base,
made up by frontal ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
- occupied by
- bones in make up
- structures surrounding pituitary gland

occupied by temporal lobe
made up by sphenoid and temporal bones.
pituitary gland surrounded by 4 clinoid processes (at corners) and 2 superior projections anteriorly (tuberculum sellae) and posteriorly (dorsum sellae)

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FORAMINA PRESENT IN MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum

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FORAMEN LACERUM

found in dry skulls in the middle cranial fossa
closed by cartilage in real life

located close to midline on each side outwith cresent of foramina

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POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
- occupied by
- bones made up of

occupied by brainstem and cerebellum
made up of sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

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CLIVUS

flat portion of bone anterior to foramen magnum in posterior cranial fossa that protects brainstem

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HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

found in posterior cranial fossa , where hypoglossal nerve (CNVII) enters/exits

found just lateral to foramen magnum , slightly hidden by bone from superior view

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WHAT ENTERS/EXITS THROUGH JUGULAR FORAMEN

jugular foramen found in posterior cranial fossa
IJVs, CN IX, X, XI

lateral to foramen magnum , decent sized foramina , posterior to internal acoustic meatus

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BUTTRESES

thicker portions of cranial bone that transmit forces around and away from weaker areas e.g nasal cavity and orbit
buttresses - zygomatic , frontonasal, occipital

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MENINGES

membranous layers that protect the brain
3 layers: dura mater , arachnoid mater, pia mater

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DURA MATER

outermost layer of meninges
has 2 layers
- periosteal - attached to bone
- meningeal - in contact with arachnoid layer
layers separated by venous sinuses and dural folds

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ARACHNOID MATER

lines dura mater
trabecular projections from arachnoid mater through arachnoid space to pia mater present

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SUBARACHNOID SPACE

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
filled with CSF and blood vessels
CSF reabsorbed back into venous circulations via arachnoid granulations

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PIA MATER

thin membrane that covers brain surface and enters sulci

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WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN DURA MATER FOLDS

falx cerebri - largest , longitudanal
falx cerebelli - smallest, between cerebellumlobes
tentrorium cerebelli - forms roof over cerebellum
diaphragma sellae - covers sella turcica

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WHAT ARTERY SUPPLIES THE DURA AND CALVARIA

meningeal arteries - found periosteal layer of dura mater
middle meningeal artery = main artery supply (branch of maxillary and therefore ECA)

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WHAT SEPARATES AND WHAT CONNECTS THE 2 BRAIN HEMISPHERES

separated - longitudanal cerebral fissure and the falx cerebri connects - corpus callosum

WHITE AND GREY MATTER COMPOSITION OF BRAIN

outer surface of brain (cerebral cortex) = grey matter (non myelinated cell bodies) inner surface = white matter (myelinated)

WHAT ARE THE 4 LOBES OF EACH HEMISPHERE OF THE CEREBRUM

frontal , parietal , occipital ,temporal

WHAT IS THE 5TH LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM AND WHERE IS IT FOUND

insula found deep to lateral sulcus

WHAT UNITES THE 2 HEMISPHERES OF THE CEREBELLUM

vermis

FUNCTION OF CEREBELLUM

balance and movement control of ipsilateral side

WHAT 3 PARTS MAKE UP THE BRAINSTEM AND WHAT ARE THEIR ASSOSCIATED CRANIAL NERVES

midbrain - CN III AND IV pons - CN V medulla - CN IX, X , XII

DIENCEPHALON

central core of brain , composed of thalamus , hypothalamus and epithalamus

WHAT SEPARATES THE FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES OF CEREBRUM

central sulcus

WHAT DOES THE LATERAL SULCUS SEPARATE

separates parietal and frontal lobes from temporal

WHAT SEPARATES THE PARIETAL AND OCCIPITAL LOBES ON THE MEDIAL SURFACE

parieto occipital sulcus

BROCAS AREA

involved in speech production found in frontal lobe

FUNCTION OF PARIETAL LOBE

processes sensory info

FUNCTION OF OCCIPITAL LOBE

visual processing

INTERNAL CAPSULE

can be viewed in transverse/ horizontal sections forms a v shape around the lentiform nucleus posterior limb separates lentiform nucleus and thalamus anterior limb separates lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus pathway for information to and from the cerebral cortex

BASAL NUCLEI (GANGLIA)

group of 5 nuclei found deep in the brain involved in motor nuclei

HYPOTHALAMUS

connected to pituitary via pituitary stalk neuroendocrine gland, controls release of some pituitary hormones

PITUITARY GLAND

Gland with anterior and posterior parts releases hormones such as growth , thyroid stimulating and follicle stimulating

ACROMEGALY

excess growth hormone from pituitary may present as gaps between teeth due to increase in jaw size

WHAT SECRETES CSF

choroid plexuses of ventricles

HOW MANY VENTRICLES ARE IN THE BRAIN

4 2 lateral ventricles ,one in each hemisphere 2 midline ventricles , known as 3rd and 4th , connected by cerebral aqueduct

WHAT DRAINS CSF BACK INTO VENOUS SYSTEM

arachnoid villi and granulations

SPINAL CORD WHITE AND GREY MATTER ARRANGEMENT

white matter exterior grey matter interior

DORSAL AND VENTRAL

dorsal = posterior ventral = anterior

HOW ARE SPINAL NERVES NAMED

cervical nerves named according to vertebrae below all other spinal nerves according to vertebrae above

WHAT LEAVES THROUGH ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD

anterior - efferent motor posterior - afferent sensory

MYOTOMES AND DERMATOMES

areas supplied by a specific area of the brain myotome - anatomically and functionally related groups of muscle dermatome - localised area of skin

WHAT FORMS THE BASILAR ARTERY

joining of the two vertebral arteries which are branches of the pre scalene division of the subclavian vertebral arteries join at level of pons

WHERE ARE THE MIDDLE AND ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES FROM

branches of the internal carotid artery

WHAT DOES THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS SURROUND

surrounds the pituitary stalk and optic chiasma

MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY - what does it supply - what would a stroke affect

majority of lateral view of brain, large middle bit stroke would affect speech , face and upper limbs

ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY - what does it supply - what would a stroke affect

supplies frontal and middle of brain from medial view and frontal edges from lateral stroke would affect lower limbs and personality

POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY - what does it supply - what would a stroke affect

posterior and inferior section of medial view and these edges of lateral view stroke would affect vision

BLOOD SUPPLY OF MENINGES

main supply from ECA via meningeal branches of primary branches main = middle meningeal branch of maxillary artery

DURAL VENOUS SINUSES

spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura numerous veins empty into them

FUNCTION OF DURAL VENOUS SINUSES

drain deoxygenated blood back into IJV aid CSF circulation by resorption via arachnoid granulations

WHAT ARE THE 8 MAJOR DURAL VENOUS SINUSES

superior saggital inferior saggital straight transverse sigmoid superior petrosal inferior petrosal cavernous

CONFLUENCE OF SINUSES

sees meeting of superior saggital , inferior saggital , straight and transverse sinuses

WHAT SINUS RUNS AROUND SELLA TURCICA

cavernous dural venous sinus , lots of little channels

RISK OF INFECTION IN 'DANGER TRIANGLE'

infection in danger triangle of face can spread into cavernous sinus (where blood flow is slow) sees multiplication of bacteria and therefore blockage symptoms = fever and swollen eye

EXTRADURAL HEMATOMA

(pool of clotted blood) between dura and bone caused by a middle meningeal artery rupture

SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

(pool of clotted blood) between dura and arachnoid caused by ruptured veins assossciated with old age

SUBARACHNOID HAEMMORHAGE

usually caused by aneurysm in one of circle of willis vessels