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Neuro Final > Corticobulbospinal Tracts & Basal Ganglia Motor Systems I > Flashcards

Corticobulbospinal Tracts & Basal Ganglia Motor Systems I Flashcards

1
Q

GSE

A

somatic motor system-descending tractvoluntary control of skeletal m.

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2
Q

GVE

A

visceral motor system-autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

motor system

A

motivation - frontal lobesmotor plan - premotor cortexaction - primary motor cortex

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4
Q

motivation

A

coming up with idea for motor plan-need input:-sensory stimuli (parietal motor area)-emotions/memory (limbic)

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5
Q

motor plan

A

module or blueprint for movement-what muscles, what order, what timing

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6
Q

premotor cortex

A

brodmans areas 6 and 8 lateral

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7
Q

supplementary cortex

A

brodmans areas 6 and 8 medial

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8
Q

action

A

UMN - from primary motor cortex and brainstem nuclei

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9
Q

UMN

A

influence LMNs-spinal cord and cranial nerveall UMNs converge on LMNs to produce movement

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10
Q

final common pathway

A

LMNs

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11
Q

alpha-lower motor neurons

A

ventral horn and cranial nerve motor nucleisynapse on skeletal m.always excitatoryrelease AChtarget ipsilaterallarge cells

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12
Q

gamma-lower motor neurons

A

muscle spindle

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13
Q

baseline activity

A

allows for fine adjustment-in alpha LMNssets muscle tone

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14
Q

inputs to LMNs

A

local reflex arclocal pattern generatorsUMN input

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15
Q

motor unit

A

all muscle fibers innervated by single LMN-size related to function-fine control vs. power

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16
Q

small motor unit

A

less fibers innervated-fine control

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17
Q

large motor unit

A

1000 fibers/neuron - power control

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18
Q

each muscle fiber

A

only innervated by 1 LMN

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19
Q

individual muscle

A

have motor units of various sizes-although certain sizes may predominate

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20
Q

action potential

A

all or none

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21
Q

regulation of muscle contraction strength?

A

AP frequencyrecruitment of motor units

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22
Q

size principle

A

recruit small > large motor unitssmall first**

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23
Q

UMN

A

influence LMNs-directly-or indirectly-excitatory or inhibitory-never synapse on muscle**-cell bodies in cerebral cortex and brainstem nuclei

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24
Q

8 different UMN pathways

A

2 from primary cortex6 from brainstem

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25
Q

lateral motor system

A

distal limb movement-precise movement

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26
Q

medial motor system

A

proximal limb movement-postural movement

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27
Q

lateral vs. medial

A

lateral - lateral funiculusmedial - anterior funiculus

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28
Q

influence on UMNs?

A

basal nucleiassociation cortexcerebellum

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29
Q

corticobulbar tract

A

cortex to brainstem

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30
Q

non-cortical UMN systems

A

reflex - postural movements-in brainstem-input from cortex influences these systems (gain voluntary control)

31
Q

cortical UMN systems

A

distal limb movements-fine movement

32
Q

cortical UMN pathways

A

lateral corticospinal-cortex to spinal cord b/lcorticobulbar tract

33
Q

corticospinal tract lateral

A

largest tract of humanscontralateral projectionfine, fractionated movement

34
Q

course of UMN on corticospinal tract

A

internal capsulecerebral peduncles (midbrain)longitudinal fibers of pons (pons)pyramids (medulla)pyramidal decussationlateral corticospinal tract

35
Q

brodmans area 4

A

primary motor cortexprecentral gyrus

36
Q

voluntary motor movement

A

posterior limb of internal capsulefacial expression - genuupper limb - anteriorlower limb - posterior

37
Q

premotor cortex

A

lateral brodmans area 6 and 8-motor planning-active at START of movement

38
Q

supplementary cortex

A

medial brodmans areas 6 and 8interconnected with contralateral side-bimanual movementsactive right before movement takes place

39
Q

corticobulbar tract

A

terminates in brainsteminfluence cranial LMNsalso to UMN nuclei-voluntary control of proximal muscles

40
Q

cranial nerve motor nuclei

A

most receive input from both right and left cortex

41
Q

corticobulbar influence on brainstem UMNs

A

vestibular nucleireticular nucleired nucleusgive rise to medial motor systems-proximal limb

42
Q

LMN damage signs

A

hypo to areflexishypo to atoniaparalysis/paresis - flaccidrapid, severe atrophy

43
Q

partial paralysis

A

NOactually a paresis

44
Q

neurogenic atrophy

A

due to loss of LMN

45
Q

spontaneous EMG changes

A

with LMN damage

46
Q

fasciculations

A

can see visually twitching

47
Q

fibrillations

A

with EMG

48
Q

UMN damage signs

A

normal - hyperreflexiahypertoniapathological reflexia (babinski)spastic paralysisdisuse atrophy (slower)few EMG changes

49
Q

babinski

A

is a pathological reflex-stroking of foot-UMN damage - toes flare is abnormal-curling normal

50
Q

hyperreflexia with UMN damage?

A
  1. loss of normal inhibitory background2. sprouting of local afferents - increased input from the initial primary afferent imput3. receptors to membrane
51
Q

denervation hypersensitivity

A

increased expression of receptors on surface of LMNs and interneurons

52
Q

partial paralysis

A

NOparesis

53
Q

plegia

A

stroke

54
Q

hemi

A

half

55
Q

para

A

pair of limbs

56
Q

quadra

A

four limbs

57
Q

stroke lesions

A

affects many different systems

58
Q

damage to corticospinal systems

A

levels below lesionLMN signs at lesion levelUMN signs inferior to lesion

59
Q

lesion above decussation

A

contralateral signs

60
Q

lesion below decussation

A

ipsilateral signs

61
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

non-contrical UMN system

62
Q

non-cortical UMN systems

A

proximal limb-reflex posture-also voluntary control - corticobulbar tract

63
Q

medial vestibulospinal tract

A

descending medial longitudinal fasciculus

64
Q

anterior corticospinal tract

A

technically a cortical UMN tract-but, its bilaterally, neck muscles, posture function

65
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

lateral motor system-begins in brainstem

66
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

cell bodies in red nucleus-axons decussate in midbrain-descend contralaterally in lateral funiculus-to cervical cord only**distal muscles of arm-arm/forearm flexorsvery small in humans

67
Q

vestibulospinal tracts

A

medial and lateral tracts

68
Q

medial vestibulospinal tract

A

aka descend MLFcell bodies in medial/inferior vestibular nucleus-axons descend bilaterally through cervical and upper thoracic**neck muscles, head posture

69
Q

lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

cell bodies in lateral vestibular nucleus-axons descend ipsilateral** antigravity musclesentire cord to trunk posture*** damage - ipsilateral deficits

70
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

ascendingcell bodies in medial.inferior vestibular nucleusascends to innervate III, IV, VI-extraocular muscles of eyebilateral

71
Q

reticulospinal tract

A

medial and lateralcell bodies - reticular formationback up when corticospinal fibers are damaged (theory)

72
Q

pontine reticulospinal tract

A

medial**ipsilateral

73
Q

medullar reticulospinal tract

A

lateral**bilateral

74
Q

tectospinal tract

A

superior colliculus - cell bodies-axons decussate in midbrain-descend contralateralend in cervical levelsneck, postural musclesvisual grasp reflex

Neuro Final (20 decks)

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