Corrections - Cardiology pt 3 Flashcards
What is Takayasu’s arteritis?
A large vessel vasculitis that primarily affects the aorta and its main branches.
Who is Takayasu’s arteritis more common in?
Younger gemales (10-40 y/o) and Asian people.
Features of Takayasu’s arteritis?
- systemic features of vasculitis e.g. malaise, headache
- unequal BP in upper limbs
- carotid bruit and tenderness
- absent or weak peripheral pulses
- aortic regurg (20%)
- upper and lower limb claudication on exertion
In patients with CKD, what potassium level should prompt the cessation of ACEi (once other agents that promote hyperkalaemia have been stopped)?
> 6 mmol/L
Swap for another antihypertensive
What is Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Also known as ‘broken heart syndrome’.
A cardiomyopathy induced by severe stressful triggers e.g. emotional upset in bereavement.
More common in women.
How can loop diuretics affect K+?
Hypokalaemia
What class of medication is bumetanide?
Loop diuretic
What are the lateral ECG leads?
I, aVL and V6
What are the posterior ECG leads?
V1-V3
What is a bisferiens pulse?
A double pulse
What cardiac condition is associated with a bisferiens pulse?
HOCM
What are the 3 key features of autonomic neuropathy?
1) Postural hypotension
2) Loss of respiratory arrhythmia
3) Erectile dysfunction
What heart sound does HOCM classically cause?
S4
Following an ACS, what should all patients be offered?
ACEi
Beta blocker
Statin
Dual antiplatelet (aspirin + one other)
Reversal agent of dabigatran?
Idarucizumab
What can be offered to patients with HF with reduced EF who continue to have symptoms (if they are already taking ACEi/ARB)?
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist e.g. spironolactone, eplerenone
What is a 3rd heart sound (S3) often associated with?
Conditions that lead to rapid filling on the ventricles e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy
How does dilated cardiomyopathy cause a 3rd heart sound?
This condition is characterised by dilation and impaired contraction of the L or both ventricles.
Increased volume load leads to rapid early diastolic filling, causing an audible S3.
How does warfarin interact with fluconazole?
Fluconazole results in an increased in INR when taken wtih warfarin.
Which macrolides interact with warfarin (and raise INR)?
Erythromycin & clarithromycin
What should an inferior MI and aortic regurgitation murmur raise suspicions of?
Proximal (ascending) aortic dissection.
What ECG changes can be seen in an aortic dissection?
The majority of patients have no or non-specific ECG changes.
In a minority of patients, ST-segment elevation may be seen in the inferior leads (II, III, aVF).
What is Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)?
An autosomal dominant disorder of muscle tissue caused by defects in the genes encoding contractile proteins.
This is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in the young.
Pathophysiology in HOCM?
1) defects involve a mutation in the gene encoding β-myosin heavy chain protein or myosin-binding protein C
2) results in predominantly diastolic dysfunction
3) left ventricle hypertrophy → decreased compliance → decreased cardiac output
Features of HOCM?
- often asymptomatic
- exertional dyspnoea
- angina
- syncope (typically following exercise)
- sudden death (most commonly due to ventricular arrhythmias), arrhythmias, heart failure
- jerky pulse, large ‘a’ waves, double apex beat
systolic murmurs - ejection systolic murmur
- pansystolic murmur
What does syncope typically follow in HOCM?
Exercise
Cause of syncope in HOCM?
Due to subaortic hypertrophy of the ventricular septum, resulting in functional aortic stenosis
What is sudden death most commonly due to in HOCM?
Ventricular arrythmias
What 2 murmurs are seen in HOCM?
1) ejection systolic murmur
2) pansystolic murmur
Management of major bleeding (i.e. intracranial haemorrhage) in patients on warfarin?
1) Stop warfarin
2) IV vitamin K 5mg
3) PCC (if not available then FFP)
An atrial septal defect can allow a ‘paradoxical stroke’.
What is this?
Where an embolism from peripheral veins may bypass the pulmonary circulation and lodge in the systemic circulation.
Does the murmur is tricuspid regurgitation become louder on inspiration or expiration?
Tricuspid regurgitation –> louder on inspiration (as blood flow into RA and RV are increased during inspiration)
Mneumoic for murmurs –> RILE
Right Inspiration Left Expiration
Right sided mumurs (tricuspid/pulmonary) tend to be heard better on inspiration.
Left sided murmurs (mitral/aortic) tend to be heard better on expiration.
Management of rheumatic fever?
One off dose of IV benzylpenicillin
If refused –> course of oral penicillin V
What condition does a recent sore throat + rash + arthritis indicate?
Rheumatic fever
What is used 1st line to prevent angina attacks?
Beta blocker or CCB (note - diltiazem or verapamil if CCB is monotherapy)
What condition may it indicate if a patient has an acute significant drop in renal function after starting an ACEi?
Bilateral renal artery stenosis