Concepts 8.1-8.3 (Physiology)

Question 1

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Answer 1

Autotrophs get energy from sunlight and chemical reactions to generate food
Heterotrophs consume other organic matter to get energy

Question 2

What are the 4 main types of heterotrophs?

Answer 2

herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivores

Question 3

How do herbivores obtain nutrients?

Answer 3

Eat plants and have symbiotic tissue for breaking down cellulose

Question 4

How do carnivores obtain energy?

Answer 4

Eat animal tissue, so require adaptations to capture prey

Question 5

How do omnivores obtain energy?

Answer 5

Generalist consumers, so have intermediate adaptations to consume varied food sources

Question 6

How do detritivores obtain energy?

Answer 6

Secrete digestive enzymes that break down organic material, converting it into inorganic compounds that can be utilized again by primary producers.

Question 7

List two adaptations of heterotrophic plants that enable the acquisition of nutrients

Answer 7

• Fungi invade vascular tissues of other plants
• Carnivorous plants produce chemical or physical signals to attract their prey for capture

Question 8

How do fungi help plants get nutrients?

Answer 8

Fungal mycorrhizae help roots to absorb water and minerals

Question 9

How do plants excrete unwanted by-products/wastes

Answer 9

• Transpiration; controls water homeostasis and diffusion of excess oxygen out via stomata
• Guttation; removal of excess water through xylem sap

Question 10

Why don’t plants usually need to remove excess nitrogenous wastes?

Answer 10

Can be reused for protein synthesis

Question 11

What are the 3 main parts of animal digestive tracts?

Answer 11

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

Question 12

What are some adaptations in herbivores for digestion?

Answer 12

• Mouthparts to aid in mechanical digestion
• Foregut acids and digestive enzymes
• Rumination (hindgut fermenters)

Question 13

Describe the process of the nephron

Answer 13

1. Filtration; blood goes through glomerulus then water and other ions are filtered into tubule capsule
2. Reabsorption; solutes are reabsorbed or secreted through renal tubules
3. Excretion; wastes are excreted as urine

Question 14

Advantages and disadvantages of ammonia?

Answer 14

A: little energy to produce
D: Toxic in concentrated solution/requires a lot of water

Question 15

What kind of animals excrete ammonia?

Answer 15

Aquatic animals, e,g fish

Question 16

Advantages and disadvantages of urea?

Answer 16

A: Less toxic than ammonia/needs less water to excrete it
D: Requires energy to produce it

Question 17

What animals excrete urea?

Answer 17

Terrestrial and marine, e.g. amphibians, turtles

Question 18

Advantages and disadvantages of uric acid?

Answer 18

A: Very little water is excreted with it/forma a paste
D: Requires a moderate amount of energy to produce it

Question 19

What animal excrete uric acid?

Answer 19

Terrestrial, e.g. birds, insects

Question 20

Advantages and disadvantages of guanine?

Answer 20

A: Relatively non-toxic/least water is required
D: More energy required to produce it

Question 21

What animals excrete guanine?

Answer 21

Arid terrestrial, e.g. scorpions, spiders