Concepts 3.1-3.3 (Evolution)

Question 1

What is an allele?

Answer 1

Alternate forms of a DNA sequence (or gene). e.g. B or b

Question 2

What is a genotype?

Answer 2

Allelic composition of an individual or cell (single gene). e.g. BB or Bb ore bb

Question 3

What is a phenotype?

Answer 3

Form or character of an individual. E.g. BB and Bb = brown fur, bb = white fur

Question 4

What does the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) theorem state?

Answer 4

Under certain conditions, allele frequencies in a population will remain constant over time

Question 5

What are the 5 conditions in HW?

Answer 5

• Infinite population size
• Random mating of individuals
• An absence of genetic mutations
• Natural selection
• Gene flow

Question 6

What is the HW equation?

Answer 6

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 6

What does it mean when a population meets HW?

Answer 6

The population does not evolve

Question 7

What does the HW theorem help determine?

Answer 7

The genotype frequencies we would expect to observe from observed allele frequencies at a gene or locus

Question 8

What do deviations from the stable equilibrium of HW?

Answer 8

That natural selection is occurring

Question 9

How do you calculate the degrees of freedom (d.f.) for a chi squared test?

Answer 9

d.f. = n-1
(where n = number of alleles)