Compendium 1-3 Flashcards
What factors do you think all living organisms have in common?
- Organisation
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Development (differentiation and morphogenesis)
- Reproduction
List the six levels of organisation of living organism and give two examples of each.
- Chemical: DNA, RNA, protein, hormone, lipid
- Cell: Smooth muscle cell, red blood cell, neuron
- Tissue: Nervous, connective, muscle, epithelial tissue
- Organ: Lung, stomach, brain, heart
- Organ system: Respiratory system, renal system, cardiovascular
- Organism: Human, elephant, ladybug
What do you think is meant by minor disturbances of homeostasis? Include examples in your answer.
Easy to recover from. E.g. if your body temperature goes down, you will shiver to generate body heat which then brings your temperature back up. If your body temperature goes up, you then sweat to bring it back down.
What do you think is meant by major disturbances of homeostasis? Include examples in your answer.
May never completely recover or return to normal. Requires assistance or medical intervention. e.g. third degree burns, stroke, severe brain injury, presence of a foreign body in the respiratory or digestive system, cancer.
The right kidney is
________ and ______ (position)
to the liver.
inferior, posterior
List the 3 main cavities of the trunk.
Thoracic cavity,
Abdominal cavity,
Pelvic cavity.
What structure (muscle) separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
The left and right sides of the thoracic cavity are separated by an area in the middle – what is this area called?
Mediastinum
What does the mediastinum contain?
The heart, thymus, oesophagus and trachea, blood vessels & nerves
The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are not physically separated and are often referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity. What structures enclose each cavity and what organs are found in each?
Abdominal cavity – enclosed anteriorly by the abdominal muscles, contains the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys.
Pelvic cavity – enclosed by the pelvic bones, contains the urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs.
In which quadrant does the appendix lie?
Right lower quadrant
In which quadrant is the spleen located?
Left upper quadrant
In which quadrant(s) is the urinary bladder located?
Left and right lower quadrants
In which region(s) is the liver?
Right hypochondriac and epigastric
In which region(s) is the urinary bladder?
Hypogastric region
Which organ(s) (appendix, stomach, liver or large intestine) is/are in the left iliac region?
Large intestine
Can you think of any conditions in which various organs may move to a different location within the abdominopelvic cavity?
Pregnancy, central abdominal obesity, abdominal tumour growth.
A person is stabbed with a knife in the epigastric region – which organs may be damaged?
Liver, stomach, pancreas, major blood vessels.
Describe frontal or coronal plane.
A vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Describe horizontal or transverse plane.
A horizontal (transverse) plane that separates the body into superior and inferior portions. A horizontal (transverse) plane runs parallel to the ground.
Describe sagittal plane (including mid-sagittal).
A vertical plane that separates the body into left and right segments. A mid-sagittal plane will divide the body into two equal segments (e.g. through the nose). A parasagittal plane will divide the body into unequal segments (e.g. through a shoulder).
What standard plane(s) pass through the brain and nasal septum?
Mid-sagittal, horizontal and/or frontal planes
What standard plane(s) pass through both eyes?
Horizontal and frontal planes
What standard plane(s) pass through the heart and the liver?
Frontal and sagittal
What standard plane(s) pass through the knee and hip joints?
Para-sagittal (one leg only) and frontal planes
What standard plane(s) pass through both knees?
Horizontal and frontal
What standard plane(s) pass through the brain and right shoulder?
Frontal only
What standard plane(s) pass through the sternum and spinal cord?
Horizontal and mid-sagittal
Label the organs and serous membranes on the diagram.
- Visceral pericardium
- Pericardial cavity (containing fluid)
- Parietal pericardium
- Heart
- Diaphragm
Label the organs and serous membranes on the diagram.
- Visceral pleura
- Pleural cavity
- Parietal pleura
- Lung
What is a cell?
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit in living organisms.
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of similar cells and the extracellular materials surrounding them. There are four primary tissue types found in the human body. Organs are made up of the four primary tissues.
Name the 4 primary tissue types found in the human body.
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Connective
Give a brief description of epithelial cells.
Epithelial tissue
- contains lots of cells with very little extracellular matrix.
- has a free surface (top) and a basal surface which sits on a basement membrane.
- avascular (does not contain blood vessels).
- found lining the entire body (e.g. skin), lining tubes (e.g. trachea, oesophagus, uterine tubes, small intestine, blood vessels) or hollow organs within the body (e.g. bladder).
What is histology the study of?
Histology is the microscopic study of tissues with the aim of understanding their structure and function. It involves using a microscope as a basic tool (e.g. light microscope).
Tissue samples are ‘fixed’ usually using paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin wax, sections are cut on a microtome, placed on a glass, stained and then examined under a microscope.
What does haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain?
Haematoxylin and eosin is a very commonly used histology stain. Haematoxylin stains the cell nucleus (DNA) dark purple and eosin stains cytoplasmic cell components pink.
Approximately ?/3 of body fluid is intracellular and ?/3 is extracellular.
2, 1
Extracellular fluid is further divided into what two types?
Intravascular and intercellular/interstitial
Approx ___% of extracellular fluid is intercellular, and ____% is intravascular fluid.
80, 20
What is the extracellular environment of blood cells?
Cells suspended in a fluid environment.
What is the extracellular environment of cells lining your mouth?
Cells are in a moist environment that might contain food and saliva
Draw the following organelles inside your cell:
nucleus, nucleolus, lysosome, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, centrosome and rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is this cell organelle and what does it do?
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell. Contains genetic material – DNA and chromatin – which encodes for proteins.
What is this cell structure (magenta ball in the middle) and what does it do?
Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes.
What is this cell organelle and what does it do?
Mitochondria: “energy powerhouse” of the cell, ATP production
What is this cell organelle and what does it do?
Ribosome: site for protein synthesis
What is this cell organelle and what does it do?
Lysosome: Contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted/old cell organelles. Removal of intracellular wastes - nucleic acids, lipids, proteins.
What is this cell organelle and what does it do?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Site of protein synthesis and modification via ribosomes.
What is this cell organelle and what does it do?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Site of steroid, carbohydrate and lipid synthesis. Detoxification of harmful substances (e.g. drugs).
What is this cell organelle and what does it do?
Centrosome: Contains two centrioles which are involved in the growth of the mitotic spindle during cell division (mitosis + meiosis).
What is this cell organelle and what does it do?
Golgi apparatus: Modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion out of cell or for use within the cell.
What is this cell structure and what does it do?
Cell membrane. Encloses and supports cellular contents; controls what goes into the cell and what comes out; has a role in cell-to-cell communication.
What types of cells would have large numbers of mitochondria and why?
Kidney, liver and muscle cells because these cells have higher energy requirements and use energy at a higher rate.
Name two types of cells that are multi-nucleated i.e. have more than one nuclei per cell? Why would cells be multi-nucleated?
Skeletal muscle cells and osteoclasts (cells which break down bone). These cells require more regulation e.g. muscle cells require the constant synthesis of enzymes and proteins for their function.
What types of cells would have a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and why?
Liver cells because they detoxify harmful substances. Cells of the ovaries and testes because they produce the lipid-containing hormones estrogen and testosterone.
Adrenal glands in producing cortisol.
What type of cell might be expected to contain a well-developed and extensive Golgi apparatus? Name two examples.
Secretory cells in general e.g. goblet cells (mucus), pancreatic beta cells (insulin) or acinar cells (enzymes), stomach chief cells (digestive enzymes) and plasma cells (antibodies).
What in the cell that consists of structural protein filaments that give shape to a cell, provide strength, stabilise the position of organelles and assist in cell movement.
Cytoskeleton
What in the cell that is the intracellular fluid, containing a mixture of water, salts, dissolved ions and organic molecules.
Cytosol
What in the cell components outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. All the intracellular fluid plus all the organelles, except the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
There are three kinds of muscle tissue – skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
Skeletal muscles contract to move the body, cardiac muscles contracts to pump blood around the body, smooth muscles contract to decrease the size of organs such as the bladder during urination.
Describe a connective tissue.
Very diverse in structure and function. Few cells and an abundance of extracellular material. Tendons and ligaments connect tissue together. Bone and cartilage support the body. Connective tissue capsule cover and protect organs (e.g. liver and kidneys).
Describe a nervous tissue.
This is specialised for information processing and conduction of signals quickly throughout the body. Consists of neurons and supporting neuroglial cells.
Describe an epithelial tissue
Covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside of the body. Comprised mostly of cells, sits on a basement membrane, nonvascular.
E.g. epidermis of the skin, linings of the digestive and respiratory tract, linings of blood vessels.
Fill in the blank, what are the two types of connective tissue?
Specialised, proper
Fill in the blanks.
TOP: bone, cartilage, blood
BOTTOM: Dense, loose
Fill in the blanks.
From top to bottom: adipose, irregular, regular
What is this primary tissue?
Nervous tissue.
What is this primary tissue?
Connective tissue