Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hsf > 3: Digestive system > Flashcards

3: Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Define enzyme.

A

A protein catalyst, that increases the speed of chemical reactions happening within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define peristalsis.

A

Waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation along the digestive tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define mediastinum.

A

The central tissue area that divides the thoracic cavity into a left and right half, the mediastinum contains the heart, trachea, oesophagus and thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define oesophagus.

A

Part of the digestive tube, that connects the pharynx (or throat) to the stomach. 25cm long, posterior to the trachea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an epiglottis and what does it do?

A

A piece of cartilage that closes over the larynx and thus prevents food entering trachea when swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an uvula?

A

Part of the soft palate, that prevents food entering the nasal cavity when swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a stomach?

A

Part of the digestive tract that enables storage and mixing of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an appendix?

A

A small tube connected to the large intestine, it is a redundant part of the digestive system. (<doubt this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mastication?

A

The process of chewing food in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s a chyme?

A

A food bolus churns in the stomach and mixes with various secretions becoming a liquid chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are intestines?

A

Part of the digestive tract, intestines can refer to the small intestine where large amounts of digestion and absorption occur, or the large intestine where chyme is converted to faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define nutrition.

A

The selection and preparation of food for consumption by the body, in order to provide essential nutrients to body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many localised regions are there in an abdominopelvic region?

A

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 9 localised regions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many localised quadrants are in the abdominopelvic quadrant?

A

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 4 localised quadrants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define protein.

A

A macromolecule consisting of many amino acids. Proteins have many different functions within the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define carbohydrate.

A

A macromolecule consisting of many monosaccharides (or sugars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define lipid.

A

An energy dense macromolecule consisting of glycerol and fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the other name of ‘digestive tract’?

A

Alimentary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 7 organs/structure are included in the digestive system?

A

1) Oral cavity with salivary glands
2) Pharynx
3) Esophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small intestine
6) Large intestine
7) Anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, ileum, jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs of the small intestine?

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, mastication, secretive, digestion, absorption, elimination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define ingestion.

A

Intro of food into stomach via mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define secretion in the digestive system

A

Lubricate, liquify, digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion of food into nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define absorption in the digestive system.

A

Movement of nutrients out of digestive tract into cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define elimination in digestion system.

A

Waste products removed from body, i.e. defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the histology of the digestive tract involve? I.e. the layers of the tissue (x4)

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa/adventitia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a mucosa?

A

The innermost layer that secrets mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What’s a submucosa?

A

The connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels, nerves, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the muscularis?

A

The 2/3 muscle layers, in charge of movement and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the serosa/adventitia?

A

The outermost layer, connective tissue, in charge of the stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Walls and organs of the abdominal cavity are lined with _______membranes.

A

Serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does visceral peritoneum covers?

A

Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum covers?

A

Interior surface of body wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

Peritoneum (epithelial tissue) which connects organs together and small intestine to the back body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the greater omentum connect?

A

Stomach to transverse colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

Stomach to liver and diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth.

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the functions of saliva.

A

Protects the oral cavity; moistens, lubricate and digest food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What’s amylase?

A

Enzyme found in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates into smaller sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What’s lysozyme?

A

An antibacterial enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

List the 3 parts of the pharynx.

A

Nasppharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

45
Q

What is a gastro oesophageal sphincter?

A

Between the stomach and esophagus. The sphincter acts as a valve keeping food and stomach acid in the stomach, prevent the content regurgitating back into the esophagus

46
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

Voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase.

47
Q

What’s the voluntary phase in swallowing?

A

Tongue pushes bolus to back of oral cavity towards pharynx.

48
Q

What’s the pharyngeal phase in swallowing?

A

Uvula close off the nasopharynx, bolus touches receptors on oropharynx and swallowing reflex moves bolus down pharynx and into esophagus, epiglottis covers trachea.

49
Q

What’s the esophageal phase in swallowing?

A

Bolus move down esophagus towards stomach by peristalsis.

50
Q

What are the 3 substances that the stomach produces?

A

Mucus, hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzymes (pepsin)

51
Q

List the 2 openings/sphincters of the stomach.

A

Gastroesophageal (to the esophagus); pyloric (to the duodenum)

52
Q

List the 4 parts of the stomach.

A

Cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric (2 parts: antrum and canal)

53
Q

List the 4 layers of the stomach tissues.

A

Visceral peritoneum or serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

54
Q

What are the three layers of muscularis of the stomach?

A

outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique

55
Q

What’s rugae in the stomach?

A

folds in stomach wall that allow stomach to stretch after eating

56
Q

The 3 muscular layers of the stomach makes 2 types of waves, what are them and what’s the proportion of the waves?

A

Mixing waves (80%) and peristaltic waves (20%)

57
Q

How long does water takes to exit via kidneys and urethra after ingestion?

A

1-2 hours

58
Q

How long does it take for a stomach to empty?

A

4 hours

59
Q

______is connected to posterior body wall by mesenteries

A

Small intestine

60
Q

What are the three adaptative mechanisms of the small intestine that helps increase absorption?

A

Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli

61
Q

What are the circular folds in the wall of the small intestine?

A

Plicae circulares

62
Q

What are the finger like folds of epithelium of the small intestine?

A

Villi

63
Q

What are the small extensions on epithelial cell surface?

A

Microvilli

64
Q

Functions of the pancreas.

A

Produces digestive enzymes, produces insulin and glucagon for blood sugar homeostasis.

65
Q

Functions of each of the digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas: lipase, pancreatic amylase, trypsin

A

Lipase - breakdown lipids,
Pancreatic amylase - breakdown carbs,
Trypsin - breakdown proteins

66
Q

Functions of the large intestine.

A

Absorption of water and NaCl, produces bacteria/microbes that synthesise vitamin B and K

67
Q

Define nutrients.

A

Chemicals taken into the body to produce energy, provide building blocks to build other molecules

68
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

A

Carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

69
Q

Which of the 6 classes of nutrients are considered the major organic nutrients because they contain carbon?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

70
Q

Which nutrients are only required minimally and get taken into the body without being digested?

A

Vitamins and minerals

71
Q

60% carb>30%lipids>10%proteins, true?

A

yah

72
Q

What are the 3 types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), galactose (milk sugar)

73
Q

What are the 3 types of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose,

Lactose (milk) = glucose + galactose,

Maltose = glucose + glucose

74
Q

What are the 2 types of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen (animal polysaccharide, glucose molecules stored in humans in liver and muscle), starch and cellulose (plant polysaccharides)

75
Q

Where are polysaccharide chain digested in our body?

A

By saliva in oral cavity, and by pancreatic amylase in duodenum

76
Q

Where are disaccharide chain digested in our body?

A

By sucrase in the intestine

77
Q

Where are monosaccharide chain digested in our body?

A

Via villi/microvilli in the intestine, transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein.

78
Q

How are carbs used in the body?

A

Glucose helps produces ATP (energy), energy brings warmth, help with movement, brain activity, muscle contraction, etc.

Sugar also become part of DNA, RNA, glycoproteins, glycolipds.

79
Q

Where are excess glucose stored at?

A

They become glycogen and stored in muscles and liver cells. If it’s over the limit of storage, it’s converted to fat

80
Q

Are amino acids stored in the body?

A

No

81
Q

How do proteins help with regulating our body functions?

A

Haemoglobin, muscle proteins, cell membrane transport, enzymes, hormones, antibodies

82
Q

Describe the process of protein absorption

A

Protein -> polypeptides -> peptides.

Protein (long chain of amino acids) digested by pepsin in stomach.

Polypeptides digested by trypsin in duodenum.

Peptides and individual amino acids are absorbed into the blood, via villi/microvilli in the intestine.

83
Q

_________ make up 95% of fats in the body

A

Triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)

84
Q

What are the 3 types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated, unsaturated, trans fat

85
Q

What determines saturation of fat

A

Amount of H atoms in each chain

86
Q

Lipids are stored in the _________tissue and _______ until needed

A

Adipose, liver

87
Q

Short chain fatty acids (Monoglycerides) are absorbed into the lymphatic system via _________

A

Lacteals

88
Q

Describe the steps in lipid absorption

A
  1. Triglycerides/lipids begins digestion in the duodenum
  2. Bile from the gall bladder emulsifies lipids
  3. Lipase from the pancreas causes further breakdown
  4. Short chain fatty acids (monoglycerides are absorbed into the lymphatic system via lacteals
  5. Lipids are stored in the adipose tissue and liver until needed.
89
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids used in our body?

A

Cholesterol, phospholipids, eicosanoids

90
Q

Functions of cholesterol in our body

A

Make up plasma membranes, modified to form bile salts

91
Q

Functions of phospholipids in our body

A

Major components of plasma membranes, myelin sheath, and is part of the bile

92
Q

Functions of eicosanoids

A

Involved in inflammation, blood clotting, tissue repair, smooth muscle contraction

93
Q

What ions does water transport?

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate

94
Q

Approx ____Litre of water enters the digestive tract each day

A

9

95
Q

__% of water entering the intestine is absorbed

A

99

96
Q

Water can move across the intestinal wall in either direction if required, true?

A

Yah

97
Q

Can vitamins be produced by the body?

A

No

98
Q

Vitamin ___ is produced by intestinal bacterial.

A

K

99
Q

What 4 vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

100
Q

What 2 vitamins are water soluble?

A

B and C

101
Q

What would too much Vit C cause

A

stomach inflammation, diarrhea

102
Q

What would too much vit D cause

A

alter calcium metabolism

103
Q

What would lack of Vit D cause

A

Rickets

104
Q

What would lack of Vit B1 cause

A

Beri beri

105
Q

What are the major minerals that are recommended to have >100mg/day intake?

A

Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium

106
Q

What are the trace minerals that are recommended to have <100mg/day

A

selenium, zinc, copper

107
Q

What would lack of potassium cause

A

Muscle weakness, abnormal heart function

108
Q

What would lack of iodine cause

A

Goitre

Hsf (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions