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Hsf > 3: Digestive system > Flashcards

3: Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Define enzyme.

A

A protein catalyst, that increases the speed of chemical reactions happening within the body

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2
Q

Define peristalsis.

A

Waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation along the digestive tract.

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3
Q

Define mediastinum.

A

The central tissue area that divides the thoracic cavity into a left and right half, the mediastinum contains the heart, trachea, oesophagus and thymus

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4
Q

Define oesophagus.

A

Part of the digestive tube, that connects the pharynx (or throat) to the stomach. 25cm long, posterior to the trachea.

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5
Q

What is an epiglottis and what does it do?

A

A piece of cartilage that closes over the larynx and thus prevents food entering trachea when swallowing

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6
Q

What is an uvula?

A

Part of the soft palate, that prevents food entering the nasal cavity when swallowing

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7
Q

What is a stomach?

A

Part of the digestive tract that enables storage and mixing of food

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8
Q

What is an appendix?

A

A small tube connected to the large intestine, it is a redundant part of the digestive system. (<doubt this)

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9
Q

What is mastication?

A

The process of chewing food in the mouth

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10
Q

What’s a chyme?

A

A food bolus churns in the stomach and mixes with various secretions becoming a liquid chyme

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11
Q

What are intestines?

A

Part of the digestive tract, intestines can refer to the small intestine where large amounts of digestion and absorption occur, or the large intestine where chyme is converted to faeces

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12
Q

Define nutrition.

A

The selection and preparation of food for consumption by the body, in order to provide essential nutrients to body cells

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13
Q

How many localised regions are there in an abdominopelvic region?

A

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 9 localised regions.

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14
Q

How many localised quadrants are in the abdominopelvic quadrant?

A

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 4 localised quadrants

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15
Q

Define protein.

A

A macromolecule consisting of many amino acids. Proteins have many different functions within the body.

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16
Q

Define carbohydrate.

A

A macromolecule consisting of many monosaccharides (or sugars)

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17
Q

Define lipid.

A

An energy dense macromolecule consisting of glycerol and fatty acids.

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18
Q

What is the other name of ‘digestive tract’?

A

Alimentary tract

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19
Q

What 7 organs/structure are included in the digestive system?

A

1) Oral cavity with salivary glands
2) Pharynx
3) Esophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small intestine
6) Large intestine
7) Anus

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, ileum, jejunum

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21
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs of the small intestine?

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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22
Q

What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

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23
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, mastication, secretive, digestion, absorption, elimination.

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24
Q

Define ingestion.

A

Intro of food into stomach via mouth

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25
Define secretion in the digestive system
Lubricate, liquify, digest
26
Define digestion
Mechanical and chemical digestion of food into nutrients
27
Define absorption in the digestive system.
Movement of nutrients out of digestive tract into cells
28
Define elimination in digestion system.
Waste products removed from body, i.e. defecation
29
What does the histology of the digestive tract involve? I.e. the layers of the tissue (x4)
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa/adventitia.
30
What is a mucosa?
The innermost layer that secrets mucus
31
What's a submucosa?
The connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels, nerves, etc.
32
What are the muscularis?
The 2/3 muscle layers, in charge of movement and secretion
33
What is the serosa/adventitia?
The outermost layer, connective tissue, in charge of the stability.
34
Walls and organs of the abdominal cavity are lined with _______membranes.
Serous
35
What does visceral peritoneum covers?
Organs
36
What does the parietal peritoneum covers?
Interior surface of body wall.
37
What are mesenteries?
Peritoneum (epithelial tissue) which connects organs together and small intestine to the back body wall
38
What does the greater omentum connect?
Stomach to transverse colon
39
What does the lesser omentum connect?
Stomach to liver and diaphragm.
40
What are the 4 types of teeth.
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
41
What are the functions of saliva.
Protects the oral cavity; moistens, lubricate and digest food.
42
What's amylase?
Enzyme found in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates into smaller sugars.
43
What's lysozyme?
An antibacterial enzyme
44
List the 3 parts of the pharynx.
Nasppharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
45
What is a gastro oesophageal sphincter?
Between the stomach and esophagus. The sphincter acts as a valve keeping food and stomach acid in the stomach, prevent the content regurgitating back into the esophagus
46
What are the 3 phases of swallowing?
Voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase.
47
What's the voluntary phase in swallowing?
Tongue pushes bolus to back of oral cavity towards pharynx.
48
What's the pharyngeal phase in swallowing?
Uvula close off the nasopharynx, bolus touches receptors on oropharynx and swallowing reflex moves bolus down pharynx and into esophagus, epiglottis covers trachea.
49
What's the esophageal phase in swallowing?
Bolus move down esophagus towards stomach by peristalsis.
50
What are the 3 substances that the stomach produces?
Mucus, hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzymes (pepsin)
51
List the 2 openings/sphincters of the stomach.
Gastroesophageal (to the esophagus); pyloric (to the duodenum)
52
List the 4 parts of the stomach.
Cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric (2 parts: antrum and canal)
53
List the 4 layers of the stomach tissues.
Visceral peritoneum or serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
54
What are the three layers of muscularis of the stomach?
outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique
55
What's rugae in the stomach?
folds in stomach wall that allow stomach to stretch after eating
56
The 3 muscular layers of the stomach makes 2 types of waves, what are them and what's the proportion of the waves?
Mixing waves (80%) and peristaltic waves (20%)
57
How long does water takes to exit via kidneys and urethra after ingestion?
1-2 hours
58
How long does it take for a stomach to empty?
4 hours
59
______is connected to posterior body wall by mesenteries
Small intestine
60
What are the three adaptative mechanisms of the small intestine that helps increase absorption?
Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli
61
What are the circular folds in the wall of the small intestine?
Plicae circulares
62
What are the finger like folds of epithelium of the small intestine?
Villi
63
What are the small extensions on epithelial cell surface?
Microvilli
64
Functions of the pancreas.
Produces digestive enzymes, produces insulin and glucagon for blood sugar homeostasis.
65
Functions of each of the digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas: lipase, pancreatic amylase, trypsin
Lipase - breakdown lipids, Pancreatic amylase - breakdown carbs, Trypsin - breakdown proteins
66
Functions of the large intestine.
Absorption of water and NaCl, produces bacteria/microbes that synthesise vitamin B and K
67
Define nutrients.
Chemicals taken into the body to produce energy, provide building blocks to build other molecules
68
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
Carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water
69
Which of the 6 classes of nutrients are considered the major organic nutrients because they contain carbon?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
70
Which nutrients are only required minimally and get taken into the body without being digested?
Vitamins and minerals
71
60% carb>30%lipids>10%proteins, true?
yah
72
What are the 3 types of monosaccharides?
Glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), galactose (milk sugar)
73
What are the 3 types of disaccharides?
Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose, Lactose (milk) = glucose + galactose, Maltose = glucose + glucose
74
What are the 2 types of polysaccharides?
Glycogen (animal polysaccharide, glucose molecules stored in humans in liver and muscle), starch and cellulose (plant polysaccharides)
75
Where are polysaccharide chain digested in our body?
By saliva in oral cavity, and by pancreatic amylase in duodenum
76
Where are disaccharide chain digested in our body?
By sucrase in the intestine
77
Where are monosaccharide chain digested in our body?
Via villi/microvilli in the intestine, transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein.
78
How are carbs used in the body?
Glucose helps produces ATP (energy), energy brings warmth, help with movement, brain activity, muscle contraction, etc. Sugar also become part of DNA, RNA, glycoproteins, glycolipds.
79
Where are excess glucose stored at?
They become glycogen and stored in muscles and liver cells. If it's over the limit of storage, it's converted to fat
80
Are amino acids stored in the body?
No
81
How do proteins help with regulating our body functions?
Haemoglobin, muscle proteins, cell membrane transport, enzymes, hormones, antibodies
82
Describe the process of protein absorption
Protein -> polypeptides -> peptides. Protein (long chain of amino acids) digested by pepsin in stomach. Polypeptides digested by trypsin in duodenum. Peptides and individual amino acids are absorbed into the blood, via villi/microvilli in the intestine.
83
_________ make up 95% of fats in the body
Triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
84
What are the 3 types of fatty acids?
Saturated, unsaturated, trans fat
85
What determines saturation of fat
Amount of H atoms in each chain
86
Lipids are stored in the _________tissue and _______ until needed
Adipose, liver
87
Short chain fatty acids (Monoglycerides) are absorbed into the lymphatic system via _________
Lacteals
88
Describe the steps in lipid absorption
1. Triglycerides/lipids begins digestion in the duodenum 2. Bile from the gall bladder emulsifies lipids 3. Lipase from the pancreas causes further breakdown 4. Short chain fatty acids (monoglycerides are absorbed into the lymphatic system via lacteals 5. Lipids are stored in the adipose tissue and liver until needed.
89
What are the 3 types of lipids used in our body?
Cholesterol, phospholipids, eicosanoids
90
Functions of cholesterol in our body
Make up plasma membranes, modified to form bile salts
91
Functions of phospholipids in our body
Major components of plasma membranes, myelin sheath, and is part of the bile
92
Functions of eicosanoids
Involved in inflammation, blood clotting, tissue repair, smooth muscle contraction
93
What ions does water transport?
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate
94
Approx ____Litre of water enters the digestive tract each day
9
95
__% of water entering the intestine is absorbed
99
96
Water can move across the intestinal wall in either direction if required, true?
Yah
97
Can vitamins be produced by the body?
No
98
Vitamin ___ is produced by intestinal bacterial.
K
99
What 4 vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E, K
100
What 2 vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
101
What would too much Vit C cause
stomach inflammation, diarrhea
102
What would too much vit D cause
alter calcium metabolism
103
What would lack of Vit D cause
Rickets
104
What would lack of Vit B1 cause
Beri beri
105
What are the major minerals that are recommended to have >100mg/day intake?
Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium
106
What are the trace minerals that are recommended to have <100mg/day
selenium, zinc, copper
107
What would lack of potassium cause
Muscle weakness, abnormal heart function
108
What would lack of iodine cause
Goitre

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