Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hsf > 11: Lymphatic and immune system > Flashcards

11: Lymphatic and immune system Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the lymphatic system

A

Fluid balance, fat absorption and defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does the fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries and become lymph? Where does it go to after the lymphatic system?

A

Excess interstitial fluid, outside of cells but within the tissue. It gets drained back to the cardiovascular system in the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___liter of fluid from the blood capillaries into interstitial fluid, ____liter returns, leaving ___liter of lymph

A

30, 27, 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the fat absorption occurs in the lymphatic system?

A

Lacteals at the villi of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 organs in the lymphatic system?

A

Tonsils, spleen, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is lymph made up of?

A

water + solutes of 2 sources: plasma and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the solute in the lymph consists of, coming from the plasma?

A

ions, nutrients, gases, some proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the solute consists of in the lymph, coming from the cells?

A

hormones, enzymes, waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characteristics of lymphatic capillaries, in oppose to blood capillaries

A

more permeable than blood capillaries, one-way valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found at? And where do they not exist?

A

all parts of body except nervous system, bone and avascular tissues (where there’s no blood vessels, like cornea and epidermis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does lymphatic vessels move the fluid within? What energy does it use?

A

It does not have pump, hence rely on skeletal muscle to move lymph towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List in order what do the lymph passes through the system from the blood back to the heart

A

Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts (right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 5 types of lymphatic trunks?

A

jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What area of the body does the right lymphatic duct drains from?

A

right side of the head, right upper limb, right thorax.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 3 examples of lymphatic tissue

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What tissue are the lymphatic organs made up of?

A

Lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name of the production of B and T cells? Where does it occur?

A

Haematopoiesis, in the bone marow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

B and T cells that are white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In the blood marrow, what’s the structure that support the lymphocytes? What does it do?

A

Fine network of reticular fibers (a type of connective tissue fiber network), that support many free blood cells (mainly lymphocytes). It occurs at lymph nodes and spleen too.

It acts as a filter as well for lymph to trap microorganisms and other particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some examples of encapsulated lymphatic tissue/organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an example of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue/organs? What does it do?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Found beneath epithelium as first line of attack against invaders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characteristics and locations of diffuse lymphatic tissue.

A

Dispersed lymphocytes and macrophages. It blends with other tissues.

Located deep to mucous membranes, around lymphatic nodules, within lymph nodes and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Characteristics and locations of lymphatic nodules.

A

denser aggregations, numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive (Peyer’s patches), respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does lymph nodes filter the lymph? (by 2 ways)

A

Phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 types of tonsils? Which one is the most prone to tonsillitis?

A

Palatine (tonsils), pharyngeal (adenoids), lingual. Palatine is prone to tonsillitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 2 pulps in spleen, what’s the proportion of them and what are they made up of.

A

Red pulp (75%), associated with veins, made up of fibrous network of macrophages and RBCs.

White pulp (25%), associated with arteries, made up of lymphatic tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 4 functions of spleen

A
  1. monitors blood, detects, respond to foreign antigens.
  2. destroys defective rbcs (RBC ruptures when squeeze through the fine capillaries of the spleen and get phagocytosed)
  3. regulates blood volume
  4. act as a limited reserve of RBC, and release them when the body requires.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is spleen easily injured and hard to recover?

A

It’s highly vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s the name of the surgery to remove a spleen

A

splenectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe size of thymus, when does it mature and when does it start to shrink.

A

reaches full size at about 1 y.o., remain the same till about 60 y.o. then start to shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 parts of a thymus, and how’s the amount of lymphocytes in them like respectively.

A

Cortex and medulla. numerous lymphocytes in the cortex and fewer lymphocytes in the medulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Relationship of thymus and T cells

A

site of maturation of T cells, many T cells produced here but most degenerate. Those remain react to foreign substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where does B cells get produced at and where does it mature?

A

Red bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name the disorder: cancer (benign or malignant) of the lymphoid tissue or cells, often begins in the lymph nodes, immune system suppressed.

A

Lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

name this disorder: Malignancy in lymphoid tissue (malignant B cells). Chemotherapy /radiation.

A

Hodgkin’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

name this disorder: any cancer of lymphoid tissue –
except Hodgkins’s. Can effect cells, nodes or organs, involve extranodal sites. Can sometimes spread non-contagiously.

A

Non-hodgkins lymphoma

37
Q

name this disorder: severe bacterial infection
(fleas/rats), enlarged lymph nodes, septicemia.

A

Bubonic plague (The Black death)

38
Q

What is the main function of immunity?

A

Ability to resist damage from foreign substances and internal
threats

39
Q

What are the two categories of immunity?

A
  • Innate or nonspecific immunity
  • Adaptive or specific immunity
40
Q

What system in our body transport cells of the immune system and antigens to move around the body?

A

Lymphatic system

41
Q

What is the difference of immune system and lymphatic system?

A

Immune system is a collection of proteins, cells, tissues and organs widely distributed throughout the body.

Lymphatic system connects the immune system, it’s the tissues where cells of the immune system “hang out”

42
Q

What are the 4 types of innate (non-specific) immunity?

A

1) Physical barriers, skin and mucous membranes
2) Inflammation
3) White blood cells (leukocytes), e.g. macrophages
4) Chemical mediators

43
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive (specific) immunity?

A

1) Cell mediated immunity: T cells
2) Antibody mediated immunity: B cells

44
Q

What are the characteristics of an innate immune system?

A
  • non-specific defense
  • present at birth
  • provides immediate protection
45
Q

What are the 2 lines of defense of innate immune system?

A

First line of defense:
- physical barriers

Second line of defense
- chemical mediators
- white blood cells (phagocytes)
- inflammation
- fever

46
Q

What are examples of the physical innate immunity?

A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes (esp repiratory passageways)
  • saliva (has antimicrobial property)
  • Tears
  • acid in stomach, urinary tract, vagina
  • urine flushes urinary passageways
  • cilia in respiratory tract, coughing and sneezing
47
Q

What are the two functions of chemical mediators? What are the examples of them?

A

Chemical mediators promote phagocytosis & inflammation.

Examples
- histamine
- cytokines
- complement system
- interferons

48
Q

What does histamine do as a chemical mediator in the innate immunity?

A

Causes vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, attract WBC, stimulate phagocytosis. Can be produced inappropriately like in hayfever, hence needed anti-histamine

49
Q

What does cytokines do as a chemical mediator in the innate immunity?

A

Secreted by one cell and stimulates a neighbouring cell to response; regulate intensity and length of immune response.

50
Q

What does “complement system” do as a chemical mediator in the innate immunity?

A

stimulate lysis of invading pathogen cell

51
Q

What do interferons do as a chemical mediator in the innate immunity?

A

anti-viral activity

52
Q

What are the two things that white blood cells does in the innate immunity?

A
  • ingest foreign particles (phagocytosis)
  • produce chemicals to attract other immune cells to local area
53
Q

Where are WBC produced in? (2 places)

A

Bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

54
Q

What does a bone marrow transplant do for the immunity system?

A

To replace WBC of a person to help recover from their weak system

55
Q

What are the 6 types of white blood cells?

A

1) neutrophils
2) macrophages
3) basophils
4) eosinophils
5) natural killer cells
6) B and T cells

56
Q

What does neutrophils (a type of WBC) do in the innate immunity system?

A

first cell to arrive at a site of insult, acute
inflammation; phagocytosis

57
Q

What does macrophages (a type of WBC) do in the innate immunity system?

A

Most effective phagocyte, important in later stages of
inflammation & repair; help activate cells of the specific immune system (antigen presenting cell). Come a bit later than neutrophils. Present foreign substance to the B and T cells and let them decide what to do.

58
Q

What does basophils (a type of WBC) do in the innate immunity system?

A

immuno-surveillance; produce histamine (allergy)

59
Q

What does eosinophils (a type of WBC) do in the innate immunity system?

A

parasitic infection; allergy

60
Q

What does natural killer cells (a type of WBC) do in the innate immunity system?

A

can cause lysis of virus-infected cells or cancer cells; immuno-surveillance

61
Q

What does B and T lymphocytes (a type of WBC) do in the innate immunity system?

A

adaptive immunity

62
Q

What does inflammation do in innate immunity?

A
  • Local tissue response to damage
  • Rid body of debris/invader
  • Prevent further pathogen entry
63
Q

What are the 4 features of inflammation and what are the rationales behind them?

A

1) redness: increased blood flow to region
2) heat: increased blood flow to region
3) swelling: capillaries become leaky (increased permeability), fluid leaves capillaries to surrounding tissue
4) pain: increased fluid stimulates pain receptors; chemicals released by cells also stimulate pain receptors

64
Q

What is the chemical mediator called that get released to increase vascular permeability that can increase blood flow in an inflammatory response?

A

Chemotaxis

65
Q

What are the 4 things that fever do as an innate immunity response?

A
  • cause macrophages to release chemicals
  • high temp increase some antimicrobial substances
  • decrease microbial growth
  • increase body reactions that help tissue repair
66
Q

What are the three characteristics of an adaptive immunity response?

A

specificity,
memory,
acquired.

67
Q

When does the adaptive immunity gets switched on in our body?

A

When the innate system is over-run when fighting invaders.

68
Q

What are the lymphocytes that mediate adaptive immunity response?

A

B and T cells

69
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that Cytotoxic T cells proliferate and differentiate into?

A

Memory T cell and Cytotoxic T cell

70
Q

What are the 2 things that Cytotoxic T cells do when activated?

A

1) release cytokines
2) kill cells on contact, causing lysis

71
Q

What are the 3 things that cytokines do?

A

1) produce inflammation
2) initiate phagocytosis
3) activate T cells

72
Q

How does Helper T cell activate a B cell?

A

Specific B cell receptor receive the antigen, then present the processed antigen to the Helper T cell, via Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class molecule.

The recipient Helper T cell receive the processed antigen with a T-cell receptor, then other costimulation of the B cell occur.

Helper T start releaseing interleukins (cytokines) to the B cells that causes the proliferation and differentiation of cells.

73
Q

What are the 2 types of daughter B cells that B cells proliferate and differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells and memory B cells

74
Q

What are the effects of antibodies on the antigen? List the 3 steps.

A

1) binding to the antigen and inactivates it
2) bind several antigens together
3) then bind to a macrophage that phagocytizes the antibody + antigen.

75
Q

What are the 2 ways of acquired adaptive immunity be introduced to our body?

A

Active and passive

76
Q

Define an active immunity.

A

Immunity provided by the individual’s own immune system.

77
Q

Define a passive immunity.

A

Immunity is transferred from another person or an animal.

78
Q

What are the 2 types of active immunity, describe them.

A

Natural active immunity: antigens introduced via natural exposure.

Artificial active immunity:
antigens deliberately introduced in a vaccine.

79
Q

What are the 2 types of passive immunity, describe them.

A

Natural passive immunity:
Antibodies from the mother transferred to her child across placenta or in milk.

Artificial passive immunity:
antibodies produced by another person or an animal are injected.

80
Q

What goes wrong in our body that causes HIV?

A

Virus binds to CD4 protein and infect Helpter T cells that impairs cell- and antibody- mediated immunity

81
Q

What are the normal amount of Helper Ts and what amount of it defines AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

1200 cells/mm3 is normal, when it gets below 200 cells/m3, it means the person has AIDS

82
Q

What are the differences of HIV and AIDS?

A

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that binds to the CD4 protein that infects Helper T cells. AIDS is the syndrome, i.e. the effect of HIV, where the amount of Helper T cells are below a certain amount.

83
Q

What are the types of oridinary infections that can become lethal in people with HIV-AIDS?

A

Pneumocystic pneumonia, TB, syphilis, candidiasis. Also increased risk in cancer.

84
Q

What are the treatment for HIV?

A

Control HIV replication - highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). It manages secondary infections/malignancies. Turns it into a chronic disease rather than death sentence.

85
Q

What other organ the same size as spleen?

A

Kidney

86
Q

Which abdominopelvic region does the spleen sits?

A

Hypochondriac

87
Q

What structures do blood go in and out of the spleen?

A

Goes in splenic artery, goes out splenic vein

88
Q

Where are T cells produced and mature?

A

Produced in red bone marrow + thymus, mature in thymus

Hsf (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions