7: Renal system

Question 1

Where does the kidneys located to the parietal peritoneum?

Answer 1

Posterior to it

Question 2

What is the connective tissue called surrounding each kidney?

Answer 2

Renal capsule

Question 3

What tissue surrounds the outside of the renal capsule for protection?

Answer 3

adipose tissue

Question 4

What is the thin layer of connective tissue surrounds the adipose tissue, that anchor kidneys to the abdominal wall?

Answer 4

Renal fascia

Question 5

What does renal sinus contain?

Answer 5

Fat and loose CT

Question 6

What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

Answer 6

Nephron

Question 7

What are the 4 separate regions of the nephron?

Answer 7

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

Question 8

Where does the urine flow from nephron, to the bladder?

Answer 8

Nephron > papillary ducts > minor calyces > major calyces > renal pelvis > ureter

Question 9

What does renal corpuscle contains?

Answer 9

Glomerulus and Bowman capsule

Question 10

What are the differences of juxtamedullary nephrons vs cortical nephrons?

Answer 10

Juxtamedullary nephrons’ renal corpuscle is deep in the cortex near the medulla, long loop of Henle extending deep into the medulla, makes up 15% of the nephrons. Cortical nephrons the opposite.

Question 11

What is the function of Bowman Capule?

Answer 11

Filters blood/fluid

Question 12

Names of blood vessels that enter and exits renal corpuscle.

Answer 12

Afferent arteriole (enter); efferent arteriole (exit)

Question 13

Cell type of the parietal layer of Bowman capsule?

Answer 13

simple squamous epithelium - it becomes cuboidal in the PCT

Question 14

What are the specialised cells wrap around the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 14

Podocytes

Question 15

What is the common cell type of all nephron’s parts outside the renal corpuscle?

Answer 15

simple cuboidal; thin part of Loop of Henle is simple squamous for osmosis/diffusion

Question 16

What 3 substances do PCT actively reabsorb?

Answer 16

Na+, K+ and Cl-

Question 17

Which part of the nephron has many microvilli?

Answer 17

PCT

Question 18

Which part of the nephron has very few microvilli?

Answer 18

DCT

Question 19

What is the histology of ureters?

Answer 19

transitional epithelium

Question 20

What is the triangular area on posterior wall of the bladder called that’s between the entry of the two ureters and the exit of the urethra?

Answer 20

Trigone

Question 21

What’s the histology of the urethra?

Answer 21

transitional epithelium at the top, remainder is stratified columnar

Question 22

What is the sphincter called at the junction of the bladder + the urethra, that prevents urine leakage?

Answer 22

Internal urinary sphincter

Question 23

What is the sphincter called surrounding the urethra that extends through pelvic floor - voluntarily start/stop flow of urine

Answer 23

External urinary sphincter

Question 24

What are the 3 stages of urine production?

Answer 24

Filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

Question 25

What and how much is the proportion of total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys?

Answer 25

Renal fraction - varies from 12-30% in a healthy resting adult

Question 26

What makes up the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?

Answer 26

Podocyte cell processes, basement membrane, capillary endothelium

Question 27

Filtrate consists of

Answer 27

water, glucose, fructose, amino acids, urea, urate ions, creatinine, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl-

Question 28

What is the group of specialized cells at the section of the DCT, that secretes renin to regulate filtrate formation and BP regulation?

Answer 28

Macula densa

Question 29

Where does the majority of reabsorption occur at the nephron?

Answer 29

PCT, after that remaining filtrate is about 35%

Question 30

What hormones control the water permeability of DCT and collecting duct?

Answer 30

Anti-diuretic hormone

Question 31

What is the substance that is a toxic by-product of protein metabolism and it diffuses into the lumen of the nephron in the tubular secretion process?

Answer 31

Ammonia

Question 32

What 3 other substances are actively secreted into the nephron at the tubular secretion process?

Answer 32

H+, K+ and penicillin

Question 33

What does urine contain?

Answer 33

Urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, H+ and K+ Bile pigments, Drug and toxins (e.g. penicillin)

Question 34

What is the name of the process of eliminating urine from the bladder?

Answer 34

Micturition

Question 35

What is the name of the muscle found in the wall of the bladder?

Answer 35

Detrusor

Question 36

What are the 2 main causes of Chronic Kidney Diseases?

Answer 36

Diabetes and high blood pressure (hypertension)

Question 37

What is the main health problem associated with CKD (apart from kidney / renal issues)?

Answer 37

Cardiovascular disease

Question 38

What are the risk factors for kidney disease?

Answer 38

Having diabetes, hypertension, existing heart problems, having had a stroke, family history of kidney failure, being obese (BMI > 30), smoking, 60 years of age or older, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islnder oigin, history of acute kidney injury.

Question 39

The kidneys are not exactly aligned. Which kidney is displayed slightly inferiorly? Can you think of a reason for this? (Hint: what organ is above this kidney?)

Answer 39

The right kidney is slightly lower. The liver is on the right, and it displaces the right kidney so it is lies slightly lower than the left kidney

Question 40

What organs are anterior to the left kidney?

Answer 40

Pancreas and colon

Question 41

What organs are anterior to the right kidney?

Answer 41

Duodenum and colon

Question 42

What are the main functions of the PCT?

Answer 42

Main area for reabsorption of water (80%) 100% reabsorption of amino acids and sugars

Question 43

What are the main functions of the DCT?

Answer 43

Controlled secretion of wastes, toxin, excess ions. Alters concentration of urine by varying water reabsorption

Question 44

What is the main function of Loop of Henle?

Answer 44

Reabsorbs ions and water.

Question 45

Coffee and alcohol are diuretics. What does this mean?

Answer 45

Diuretics make you pass more urine by affecting the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. This means, drinking too much coffee or alcohol can make you dehydrated because you lose more water in urine than you take in. Dehydration contributes to the symptoms one may experience from drinking too much alcohol

Question 46

What organs lie superior to each kidney?

Answer 46

Right kidney – liver; left kidney – stomach and pancreas

Question 47

Which body cavity does the bladder lie within when it is empty?

Answer 47

Pelvic

Question 48

As the bladder fills it expands, do you think there may be a change in the body cavity location when the bladder is full?

Answer 48

It moves upwards and lies across the border of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 49

Note where the ureters enter the bladder, e.g. do they enter anteriorly, posteriorly, superiorly?

Answer 49

The ureters enter the bladder posteriorly

Question 50

It may be hard to see, but the ureters enter the wall of the bladder on an angle (obliquely). This arrangement decreases the risk of the backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureter. Why do you want to prevent backflow of urine

Answer 50

Backflow of urine can lead to urinary tract infections, e.g. if you have a bladder infection, backflow of urine could lead to infection of the ureter and kidney. By stopping backflow, the risk of infection of the kidneys is much reduced.