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1: What is life? Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant and stable environment inside the body.

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2
Q

What is macroscopic?

A

Structures that are large enough to be seen with naked eyes (i.e. tissue and organs)

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3
Q

What’s microscopic?

A

Structures that are so small they must be visualised using a microscope.I I.e. cells

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4
Q

What’s an organism?

A

It’s a living thing considered as a whole.

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5
Q

What’s visceral?

A

Relating to the internal organs

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6
Q

What’s parietal?

A

Relating to the wall of a cavity.

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7
Q

What’s a serous membrane?

A

A thin cellular sheet that lines organs and cavities of the body.

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8
Q

What’s a medulla?

A

The inner (or middle) part of an organ

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9
Q

What’s a cortex?

A

The outer (or peripheral) part of an organ.

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10
Q

Difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy investigates the body’s structure and examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function. Whereas, physiology investigates the processes or functions of living things and the goal of the study is to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli and to understand how the body maintain homeostasis.

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11
Q

What are the 6 levels of organisation in the body? Give examples of each.

A
  1. Chemical: DNA, RNA, protein, hormone, lipid
  2. Cellular: mitochondrion
  3. Tissue: smooth muscle tissue
  4. Organ: kidney
  5. Organ system: reproductive system
  6. Organism: a 7 y.o. boy
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12
Q

What are 6 characteristics of living organisms?

A
  1. Organization: the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
  2. Metabolism: refers to all chemical reactions taking place in an organism
  3. Responsiveness: organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
  4. Growth: increase in size or number cells
  5. Development: changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Involves growth, additionally also involve differentiation (change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized) and morphogenesis (change in the shape of tissues, organs and the entire organism).
  6. Reproduction: Formation of new cells or new orgamisms.
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13
Q

What are the major body cavities?

A
  1. Thoracic
  2. Abdominal
  3. Pelvic/abdominopelvic
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14
Q

What are the functions of a serous membranes?

A

They line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities. The space in between parietal and serous membrane is normally cilled with a thin lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes that help reducing friction.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the anatomical position?

A

An anatomical position refers to a person standing erect with gthe face directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides anc gthe palms of the hands facing forward.

The purpose of it is to ensure consistency when describing the body parts.

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16
Q

Why do we divide the abdomen into quadrants or regions?

A

As reference points for locating underlying organs.

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17
Q

What’s the other word for inferior?

A

Caudal, in human body. Meaning closer to the tail. Used to describe trunk but not limbs.

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18
Q

Define coronal plane

A

A.k.a. frontal plane, runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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19
Q

Define prone.

A

When lying face down

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20
Q

Define proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure.

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21
Q

What is the other word for “superior” in human body?

A

Cephalic (towards the head). Used to describe trunk but not limbs.

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22
Q

Define distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure.

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23
Q

Define ventral

A

Towards the belly

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24
Q

What is a set point in homeostasis?

A

It is the ideal normal point of the homeostatic mechanism. The small fluctuations occur above or below the set point is called the “normal range”

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25
Q

Define dorsal

A

Towards the back

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26
Q

What is the area separating the thoracic cavity into left and right sides?

A

Mediastinum

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27
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity? Starting from upper left in clockwise, looking at a anatomical position in front of you.

A

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, right lower quadrant.

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28
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity. Starting from upper left, in rows, looking at a anatomical position in front of you.

A

Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region.

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29
Q

Define cells.

A

Basic structural and functional units of plants and animals.

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30
Q

Define organelles.

A

Small structures within cells that perform specific functions.

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31
Q

Define tissue.

A

Composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them, which perform the same function.

32
Q

Define an organ.

A

Composed of 2 or more tissue types, performing one or more common functions.

33
Q

Define organ system.

A

A group of organs performing a common function/set of functions that are viewed as a unit.

34
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

35
Q

Which 2 of the organ systems are responsible for regulating the other organ systems….which 2 are responsible for support and movement?

A

Endocrine system + cardiovascular system -> regulate the other organ systems. Nervous system + muscular system -> for support and movement.

36
Q

What are the 11 organ systems? Briefly describe each of them.

A
  1. Integumentary system
  2. Skeletal system
  3. Muscular system
  4. Lymphatic system
  5. Respiratory system
  6. Digestive system
  7. Nervous system
  8. Endocrine system
  9. Cardiovascular system
  10. Urinary system
  11. The reproductive system: for female, it produces oocytes and is the site for fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for newborn, produces hormones that influece sexual function and behaviours; consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands and associated structures. For male, it produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviours, consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis.
37
Q

What are the main functions of Integumentary System?

A

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce Vit D.

38
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A

Provide protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fats. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments and joints.

39
Q

What are the main functions of the muscular system?

A

Produces body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

40
Q

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

41
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

42
Q

What are the main functions of the digestive system?

A

Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intstines and accessory organs.

43
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system?

A

A major regulatory system, detecting sensations and controls movements, physiological processes and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.

44
Q

What are the main functions of the endocrine system?

A

Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as pituitary that secretes hormones.

45
Q

What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

46
Q

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

A

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

47
Q

What are the main functions of the reproductive system?

A

For female, it produces oocytes and is the site for fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for newborn, produces hormones that influece sexual function and behaviours; consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands and associated structures. For male, it produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviours, consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis.

48
Q

What does ‘negative feedback’ mean in homeostasis?

A

The deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

49
Q

What are the three components of a negative feedback mechanism?

A

A receptor, a control center and an effector

50
Q

Is it normal for a bigger deviation from the usual range of values in homeostasis?

A

Yes, sometimes it can be beneficial, e.g. exercising heightens level of activity that elevates blood pressure to transport oxygenated blood, therefore increase the rate of removal of waste products.

51
Q

Describe a positive-feedback mechanism in homeostasis.

A

It happens when a response to the original stimulus results in a deviation from the set point to become even greater. E.g. Body creates more thrombin to clot the blood (deviation) during a blood loss (that’s a disruption in homeostasis); Example 2: end of pregnancy when baby is stretching the uterus to get out from the womb

52
Q

Describe difference between thigh and leg.

A

Thigh extends from the hip to the knee, leg extends from the knee to the ankle.

53
Q

Where does the body part “arm” encompasses?

A

From shoulder to elbow only.

54
Q

What does mediastinum contains?

A

The heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels and nerves, etc.

55
Q

What are inside the abdominal cavity?

A

Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys.

56
Q

Whare are inside the pelvic cavity?

A

Urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive organs.

It is not physically separated from the abdominal cavity hence sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity.

57
Q

What does visceral serous membrance cover?

A

The organs

58
Q

What does the parietal serous membrance covers?

A

The cavity/space.

59
Q

What 3 serous membrane-lined cavities are within the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. Pericardial cavity: surrounding the heart, contains pericardial fluid.
  2. Pleural cavity: surrounding the lungs, contains pleural fluid.
  3. Peritoneal cavity: covers the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity, contains peritoneal fluid.
60
Q

Describe what’s mesenteries, and what are their purpose.

A

2 layers of peritoneum fused together. It anchors the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.

61
Q

Describe retroperitoneal organs.

A

Organs that are closely attached to the body wall and do not have mesenteries. They locate at “behind” the parietal peritoneum. I.e. kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestines, urinary bladder.

62
Q

What does cytology study?

A

Cells

63
Q

What does histology study?

A

Tissues

64
Q

What does pathology deal with?

A

All aspects of disease

65
Q

What does exercise physiology examines?

A

Changes caused by exercise.

66
Q

What is the other name of transverse plane

A

Horizontal plane.

67
Q

What bone surrounds the pelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic bones.

68
Q

What are the 4 levels of anatomy?

A
  1. Gross anatomy (macroscopic)
  2. Surface anatomy (macroscopic)
  3. Microscopic anatomy
  4. Developmental anatomy
69
Q

What are the 2 ways to study gross anatomy?

A

Systemic (by body system) and regional (by body area).

70
Q

What does surface anatomy study?

A

Study the external form of the body relating to its deeper structure.

71
Q

What are the two types of study under microscopic anatomy?

A

Cytology (cells), and histology (tissues)

72
Q

When does the study of developmental anatomy start and end? What does it study?

A

Study the structural changes occuring in the body throughout the lifespan, from fertilisation to death.

73
Q

When does the greatest developmental changes occur to our body?

A

Before you are born

74
Q

What are the 3 levels of study of physiology?

A

Molecular, cellular and systemic

75
Q

What are the examples of the systemic level of physiology?

A

Neurophysiology, cardiovascular, etc.

76
Q

What is the plane called when it is right in the middle of the sagittal plane?

A

Median plane

Hsf (16 decks)

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