4: Why do we breath?

Question 1

Define gaseous exchange

Answer 1

The movement of gases from one place to another, e.g. movement of oxygen out of the alveoli into blood capillaries

Question 2

Define pleural cavity

Answer 2

Each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity formed by two serous membranes and containing a small amount of fluid.

Question 3

Define Alveoli

Answer 3

Small air filled sacs located deep inside the lungs, where gas exchange between the air and blood occurs.

Question 4

Define cilia

Answer 4

An extension of a cell plasma membrane, which functions to move material over the cell surface. Cilia line the trachea.

Question 5

Define ventilation

Answer 5

The process of air moving into and out of the lungs.

Question 6

Define palate

Answer 6

Also known as the roof of the mouth, the hard bony palate is the anterior portion and the soft palate is the posterior portion.

Question 7

Define pharynx

Answer 7

Also known as the throat, the pharynx is a common pathway for food and air.

Question 8

Define larynx

Answer 8

A passageway for air located between the pharynx and the trachea. The larynx contains a lot of cartilage to maintain on open airway.

Question 9

Define epiglottis

Answer 9

Cartilage located at the top of the trachea. The epiglottis tips posteriorly during swallowing to prevent food entering the trachea.

Question 10

Define trachea

Answer 10

A tubular passageway for air running from the larynx to the lungs. Also known as the windpipe.

Question 11

Define bronchi

Answer 11

The trachea divides into a left and right bronchi (or primary bronchi) each of which extend into one lung.

Question 12

Define bronchioles

Answer 12

The bronchi, which extend down into each lung, continue to branch giving rise to bronchioles and finally the terminal bronchioles.

Question 13

Define respiratory membrane

Answer 13

The location within the lungs that gas exchange takes place. The respiratory membrane consists of the walls of the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.

Question 14

Define diaphragm

Answer 14

A thin skeletal muscle involved in breathing, it separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 15

Define pleura

Answer 15

A thin cellular sheet (serous membrane) that lines the lungs or the wall of the thoracic cavity.

Question 16

Define humidfy in respiratory system

Answer 16

The process by which water/moisture is added to the air that enters the body. This happens in the nasal cavity.

Question 17

Define hilum

Answer 17

The medial surface of the lungs where large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary brochi enter and exit.

Question 18

Define inspiration in respiratory system

Answer 18

The process of air entering the body from the environment and filling up the lungs.

Question 19

Define expiration in the respiratory system

Answer 19

The process of air exiting the lungs and moving out of the body back into the environment.

Question 20

What are the 4 processes of respiration?

Answer 20

1. ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. external respiration: gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood
3. Transportation: of oxygen and CO2 in the blood
4. internal respiration: gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.

Question 21

How is it relate to cellular respiration

Answer 21

Cellular respiration refers to cellular metabolism, it’s not the same, but related as breathing provides oxygen needed in cellular respiration to make ATP from glucose + breathing rids the body of potentially toxic CO2 that is the waste produced during cellular respiration

Question 22

What are the functions of the repiratory system apart from respiration?

Answer 22

1. regulation of blood pH: by changing blood CO2 levels
2. production of chemical mediators: lungs produce enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE0, an important component of blood pressure regulation
3. voice production: air moving past the vocal folds make sound and speech possible
4. olfaction: sensation of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity
5. protection: against microorganisms by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces

Question 23

What are the two ways of classifying the respiratory system?

Answer 23

Structurally and functionally

Question 24

How is the respiratory system divided structurally?

Answer 24

Into upper respiratory tract (external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx with its associated structures and the larynx) + lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi and smaller bronchioles and the lungs)

• note there are alternative definition for this, sometimes the larynx is considered in the lower respiratory tract

Question 25

How is the respiratory system divided functionally?

Answer 25

Into two regions: the conducting zone (exclusively for air movement and extends from the nose to the bronchioles); the respiratory zone (within the lungs where gas exchange between air and blood takes place)

Question 26

What does the nose consist of?

Answer 26

External nose (visible structure on the face) and nasal cavity.

Question 27

What are the other name for nostrils?

Answer 27

Nares

Question 28

What is the name of the openings into the pharynx?

Answer 28

Choanae

Question 29

What’s the name of the anterior part of the nasal cavity inside each naris?

Answer 29

Vestibule

Question 30

What kind of epithelium line the vestibule?

Answer 30

Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin.

Question 31

What are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 31

1. Passageway for the air
2. Cleans the air
3. Humidifies and warms the air
4. Contains the olfactory epithelium (sensory organ for smell)
5. Helps determine voice sound

Question 32

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

Answer 32

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx