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Hsf > 6: Circulatory system > Flashcards

6: Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of cardiovascular system?

A

Transport, protect and regulate

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2
Q

What are the 5 things that cardiovascular system transports?

A

Gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonium ions), regulatory molecules (hormones, enzymes), and processed molecules (proteins, enzymes, carb, lipids)

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3
Q

What does cardiovascular system regulate?

A

Fluid balance, pH, body temp, blood pressure, exchange of extracellular fluid and cells between blood

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4
Q

What are the two types of circulations of blood flow?

A

Pulmonary and systemic circulation

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5
Q

Describe location of heart in mediastinum, to the lungs and to the diaphragm.

A

Within the thoracic cavity, obliquely in medistinum, medial to two lungs, superior to diaphragm

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6
Q

What is the rounded end of the heart called? What direction it points to?

A

Apex, anteriorly and inferiorly pointed

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7
Q

What is the broader end of the heart called? What direction it points to?

A

Base, posteriorly and slightly superiorly pointed.

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8
Q

What are the two pericardium of heart?

A

Fibrous and serous

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9
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Prevents over distention, acts as anchor

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10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the serous pericardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What are the two types of serous pericardium linings? What liquid is in between them?

A

Parietal and visceral. Pericardial fluid

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of sulci?

A

Coronary sulcus, anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus

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13
Q

What kind of fat is in between visceral and parietal pericardium?

A

Pericardial fat

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14
Q

What kind of fat is in between outer layer of myocardium and visceral layer of pericardium (epicardium)?

A

Epicardial fat

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15
Q

What are the three layers of tissues of the heart wall, from outside to the innermost?

A

Epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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16
Q

What is the type of epithelium of epicardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue

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17
Q

What kind of cells is myocardium made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle cells

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18
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up endocardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue

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19
Q

What separate the two ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

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20
Q

What is the wall between the atria?

A

Inter atrial septum

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21
Q

What is the depression at the inter atrial septum called, that is the remnant of the fetal opening (foramen ovale)?

A

Fossa ovalis

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22
Q

What are the muscular ridges in the auricle and atrial wall?

A

Pectinate muscles

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23
Q

What are the muscular ridges of the ventricles wall?

A

Trabecular carnae

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24
Q

What is the function of auricles in the atria?

A

Extension to increase volume

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25
Q

What are the three openings into the right atrium that receives deoxygenated blood?

A

Superior and inferior vena cavae + coronary sinus

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26
Q

What is the function of pectinate muscles in atria?

A

Large force of contraction

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27
Q

Left atrium receive oxygenated blood from lungs through what kind of openings? There are 4 of them

A

Pulmonary veins

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28
Q

What does the left ventricle opens into? (the opening)

A

aorta

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29
Q

Which openings of the hearts are related to the systemic circulation?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava - going in (deoxy)
Aorta - going out (oxy)

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30
Q

Which openings of the hearts are related to the pulmonary circulation?

A

Left and right pulmonary veins - going in (oxy);
pulmonary trunk (deoxy)

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31
Q

What are the valves between atria and ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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32
Q

What are the tendons attaching cusps to papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tendineae

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33
Q

What are the canal called that is opened by atrioventricular valves?

A

atrioventricular canal

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34
Q

How many cusps does the right heart has?

A

Three - tricuspid, right atrioventricular valve

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35
Q

How many cusps does the left heart has?

A

2 - bicuspid, left av valve, mitral

36
Q

What direction does the blood flow when AV valves are open?

A

A to V

37
Q

Where does the blood flows to when the valves are closed?

A

Exits the ventricles

38
Q

What is the function of chordae tendineae?

A

prevent AV valves from bulging into atria

39
Q

what are the pillar-like muscles in ventricles?

A

Papillary muscles

40
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

prevent prolapse of AV valves

41
Q

What are the other names of contraction and relaxation of heart chambers?

A

Systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)

42
Q

Blood flow is proportional to __________of tissues?

A

metabolic needs

43
Q

What is the equation of cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

44
Q

What are the functions of nervous system in controlling the cardiovascular system?

A
  • maintain blood pressure thus blood flow
  • re-route blood flow, e.g. increase BP with exercise
  • re-route blood away from skin towards brain and cardiac muscle in response to blood loss/injury
45
Q

What hormones from the adrenal gland increase HR and SV, vasoconstriction in response to stress?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

46
Q

What is this system called - internal pacemaker and nerve like pathway through myocardium

A

Cardiac conduction system

47
Q

What is the rapid change in membrane potential called?

A

action potential

48
Q

What is the repetitive contraction caused by autorhythmic contractile cells called?

A

auto-rhythmicity

49
Q

What are the 5 autorhythmic contractile cells called?

A

Sinoatrial node (SA) - pacemaker;
Atrioventricular node (AV);
Atrioventricular bundle;
Right and left bundle branches;
Purkinje fibres in ventricular walls.

50
Q

What is the other name of red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

51
Q

What is the other name of white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

52
Q

Which of arteries and veins has thinner wall and contain less elastic tissue + less smooth muscle?

A

Veins

53
Q

Which of arteries and veins contain blood under pressure?

A

arteries

54
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels, starting from the outermost?

A

Tunica externa (adventitia);
Tunica media;
Tunica intima (interna)

55
Q

Which of arteries and veins is located closer to the surface of the body?

A

Veins

56
Q

Which of arteries and veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood?

A

Veins

57
Q

Which of arteries and veins have flat lumen and look collapsed, instead of round and hold shape?

A

Veins

58
Q

What type of cells does capillary wall consist of?

A

Endothelial cells (simple squamous epithelium); basement membrane and delicate layer of loose CT

59
Q

What are the 3 types of capillary walls?

A

continous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

60
Q

Where can you find sinusoidal capillary wall type?

A

endocrine glands, liver (with large molecules crossing the wall)

61
Q

Where can you find fenestrated capillary wall type?

A

Intestinal villi, glomeruli of kidney

62
Q

Where can you find continuous capillary type?

A

muscle, nervous tissue

63
Q

What fluid are cells bathed in ?

A

interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)

64
Q

What are the lipid soluble substances that diffuse through plasma membrane of the endothelial cells, at a capillary exchange

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones, fatty acids

65
Q

What are the water soluble substances that diffuse through intercellular spaces or through fenestration of capillaries

A

Glucose, amino acids

66
Q

What are the 3 things that affect movement of fluid from capillaries?

A

Capillary permeability, blood pressure and osmotic pressure.

67
Q

What is the swelling called, that is caused by excess fluid accum in body tissues (interstitial space)

A

Edema

68
Q

Why does edema occur?

A

Capillaries become leaky to blood - proteins leak into interstitial fluid that increases the osmotic pressure.

69
Q

What health status can cause edema?

A

capillaries issue, heart failure, kidney disease, liver problems, pregnancy, problems with lymphatic system, standing or walking a lot in hot weather, eating too much salt

70
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is the thickest?

A

Myocardium

71
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

A

Aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve

72
Q

What vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body into the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava

73
Q

From which two structures does the pulmonary semilunar valve prevent backflow of blood?

A

Pulmonary trunk into right ventricle

74
Q

What type of primary tissue makes up the tunica externa of blood vessels?

A

connective tissue

75
Q

How do you define ‘pulse’?

A

The pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle.
This pressure travels along the arteries in your body to create pulse points at different parts of the body.

76
Q

Why do you have pulse points on certain parts of the body but not others?

A

Pulse points are areas where large arteries in the body are closer to the skin’s surface, or close to or on top of bone i.e. they are in superficial places

77
Q

Why do you think it not advised to use the thumb to take a pulse?

A

The thumb has a pulse

78
Q

How to differentiate between anterior and posterior view of the heart?

A

The pulmonary trunk is one of way to differentiate between anterior and posterior side of the heart: from the anterior view, you will see the large pulmonary trunk which sits anterior to the large aorta. Another technique to differentiate between the anterior and posterior side is to identify the pulmonary veins on the posterior view which makes this side look “messy” compared to the anterior view.

79
Q

What substances can be found in plasma? (91% of it is water, plasma makes up 55% of blood)

A

Proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen),
ions (e.g. sodium, calcium, magnesium and
potassium), nutrients (e.g. glucose), waste
products, gases, regulatory substances (e.g.
enzymes, hormones)

80
Q

What cells/cell fragments make up the blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (cell fragments)

81
Q

What are the structural specialisations of red blood cells which act to increase their surface area and thus their oxygen-carrying capacity?

A

No nucleus and a biconcave shape.

82
Q

How do red blood cells carry oxygen?

A

Oxygen is attached to the haemoglobin protein found in blood (~1/3 of each RBC is haemoglobin and haemoglobin gives the red colour of blood).

83
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

A

Dissolved in plasma (7%), combined with haemoglobin (23%), as bicarbonate ions (70%).

84
Q

What is the function of platelets in the blood?

A

Small cell fragments that assist with blood clotting and sealing holes in blood vessels.

85
Q

What is the function of white blood cells in the blood?

A

WBC or leukocytes (e.g. neutrophils and lymphocytes) are involved in immunity and inflammation and they act to protect the body from invading pathogens.

86
Q

What are the functions of trabeculae carneae?

A

increase turbulence and improve blood flow

87
Q

What structure does the fibrous pericardium attach to inferiorly?

A

Diaphragm

Hsf (16 decks)

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