9: Nervous system 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Spinal cord extends from the __________ to the ______________ (number) of lumbar vertebrae
A
Foromen magnum, 1st or second
2
Q
What 5 regions are the spinal cord divided into?
A
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
3
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
A
31
4
Q
What is the connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
A
meninges
5
Q
What are the 3 functions of the meninges?
A
protection, contains cerebrospinal fluid, forms partitions inside the skull
6
Q
What are the 3 layers of meninges? From the outside to innermost
A
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
7
Q
What does the grey matter consist of? (5 things)
A
cell body, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia
8
Q
Where in the CNS has grey matter?
A
Cortex of brain and nuclei
9
Q
Where in the PNS has grey matter?
A
ganglion
10
Q
Which part of the spinal cord has grey matter?
A
Inner
11
Q
Where in the CNS has white matter?
A
nerve tracts
12
Q
Where in the PNS has white matter?
A
nerves
13
Q
Which part of the brain has white matter?
A
deeper
14
Q
Which part of the spinal cord has white matter?
A
outer
15
Q
What does the white matter consist of?
A
myelinated axons
16
Q
What sort of neuron travels through the dorsal roots?
A
sensory neuron
17
Q
What sort of neuron travels through the ventral roots?
A
Motor neuron
18
Q
dorsal and ventral roots combined into one…what is it called?
A
spinal nerve
19
Q
Where does the motor neuron cell bodies located at in the grey matter? And where do the somatic and autonomic motor neuron cell bodies are located at?
A
in the horns of the grey matter. Somatic in the ventral horn, autonomic in the lateral horn.
20
Q
What are the 3 layers of connective tissue of the nerve? from the outer to innermost
A
Epineurium (surrounds several fascicles), perineurium (surrounds a fascicle), endoneurium (surrounds each axon, Schwann cells here too)
21
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the cervical area?
A
8 pairs spinal nerves vs 7 vertebral bones
22
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the thoracic area?
A
12 pairs spinal nerves vs 12 vertebral bones
23
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the lumbar area?
A
5 pairs spinal nerves vs 5 vertebral bones
24
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the sacral area?
A
5 pairs spinal nerves vs 5 vertebral bones
25
How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the coccygeal area?
1 pair spinal nerves vs 5 fused into 1 vertebral bone
26
What are the 3 brain regions in the early embryo?
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
27
What does the forebrain consists of? (2 parts)
Cerebrum, diencephalon
28
What does the hindbrain consists of? (3 parts)
pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
29
What does the brainstem consists of?
Midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata
30
What does the diencephalon consists of?
thalamus (superior) + subthalamus + epithalamus + hypothalamus (inferior)
31
What 2 main functions are of the medulla oblongata?
autonomic reflexes + maintaining body homeostasis
32
What two systems does the medulla oblongata regulate, for the purpose of homeostasis?
Cardiovascular + respiratory
33
What sort of reflexes does medulla oblongata control?
hiccups, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing
34
What are the 2 tracts in the pons? And what do they connect?
1) longitudinal tracts connecting spinal cord to brain
2) transverse tracts connecting cerebrum to cerebellum
35
What are the 2 main things that the Pons regulate?
sleep centre, respiratory centre
36
What are the 3 steps of processes of functions of the midbrain?
1) receive and integrates visual, auditory and tactile sensory input
2) initiates orients movements of the head, eyes in response
3) controls movement of the eye
37
What does the cerebellum control?
Locomotion, fine motor control, posture and balance control
38
Which part of the diencephalon has a paired structure + with cluster of nuclei and is called a sensory relay centre, cos it influences moods + actions associated with strong emotions (fear and rage)
Thalamus
39
Which part of the diencephalon consists of a cluster of nuclei, is the most inferior part and is the central controller of the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
40
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum (stalk)
41
What are the 7 things that the hypothalamus control?
1. Coordination of autonomic reflexes, e.g. changes in blood pressure, digestive functions, filling / emptying of
bladder and defecation.
2. Controls sleep patterns, satiety and hunger.
3. Regulation of emotions.
4. Regulation of food and water intake.
5. Influences hormone release from pituitary gland.
6. Stimulates sexual development, arousal and behaviour.
7. Regulates body temperature.
42
What are the elevated issue or folds in the cerebrum called?
gyri
43
what are the grooves in the cerebrum called?
sulci
44
what are the deep grooves of the cerebrum called?
fissures
45
What are the frontal lobe of the cerebrum in charge of?
motor function, motivation, planning, regulation of mood, sense of smell
46
What are the parietal lobe of the cerebrum in charge of?
receives and evaluates sensory info, not special senses
47
Which part of the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex
the most posterior part next to the central sulcus
48
Which part of the parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex
the most anterior part next to the central sulcus
49
What does the occipital lobe do
receives and integrates visual input
50
What does the temporal lobe do
receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing + role in memory
51
What does the insula (insular lobe/insular cortex) do?
receives and evaluates taste information
52
What part of the cerebrum is in charge of regulation of mood + sense of smell
frontal lobe
53
What part of the cerebrum is in charge of receiving and evaluating sensory info
parietal lobe
54
What part of the cerebrum receives and integrates visual input?
occipital
55
What part of the cerebrum receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing?
Temporal lobe
56
What part of the cerebrum has a role in memory?
Temporal lobe
57
What part of the cerebrum receives and evaluates taste information?
Insula / insular lobe / insular cortex
58
What part of the brain connects the left and right brain hemisphere
corpus callosum
59
What is the 'emotional brain' called?
limbic system
60
what are the roles of the limbic system
memory, motivation, emotion, learning + influences autonomic and endocrine system
61
What is the inflammation of meninges called?
meningitis
62
What does the layer of meninges called that consists of periosteal dura and meningeal dura?
Dura mater
63
What is the part of the meninges called where it goes into the fissure in between the left and right hemisphere of the cerebrum
falx cerebri
64
What is the space between the falx cerebri + the dura matter called?
Dural venous sinus / superior sagittal sinus
65
How many parts of ventricles are there? In what order from the top to bottom?
4 and continuous, lateral (x2), third and forth
66
What cells line the ventricles in the brain?
Ependymal cells
67
What is the main function of the ventricles?
produce CSF
68
Where is the CSF produced mostly at?
choroid plexus
69
What makes the CSF different to the blood serum
without most proteins
70
What are the main functions of the CSF
protects brain and spinal cord; cushion and bathes, allow brain to float within cranial cavity
71
Where do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system sits under in the nervous system chart
nervous system > PNS > autonomic > motor > sym and parasym
72
Which division of the spinal nerves are the sympathetic division? Number them.
Thoracolumbar division: T1 - L2
73
Which division of the spinal nerves are the parasympathetic division? Number them.
Craniosacral division: 4 cranial nerve nuclei (iii, vii, ix, x) and S2-S4
74
What does the sympathetic division in charge of?
fight or flight; 'E' = exercise, emergency, excitement, embarrassment
75
What does the parasympathetic division in charge of?
rest and digest; 'D' = digestion, defecation, diuresis
76
Which of sym/parasym division increase glucose release to blood at the liver?
Sympathetic
77
Which of sym/parasym division relax the gallbladder?
sympathetic (gallbladder stores and release bile to breakdown fats)
78
Which of sym/parasym division increase cellular metabolism?
Sympathetic
79
Which neuroglia migrate to areas damaged by infection, trauma or stroke and perform phagocytosis.
microglial cell
80
Which neuroglia provide support and nutrition to neuron cell bodies and protect neurons from heavy metal
poisons within the PNS
satellite cell
81
Which neuroglia produce myelin which wraps around the axons of several neurons within the CNS
ogliodendrocyte
82
Which neuroglia provide a supportive framework for blood vessels and neurons and regulate the extracellular
composition of brain fluid
astrocyte
83
Which neuroglia line the cavities within the brain and contribute to the production of cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cell
84
Which neuroglia produce myelin which wraps around the axons of one neuron within the PNS
Schwann cell
85
What are the 5 main functions of the nervous sytem?
1) receive sensory input
2) integrating information
3) controlling muscles and glands
4) maintaining homeostasis
5) establishing and maintaining mental activity
86
What does nervous tissue consists of
neurons and neuroglia
87
What are the 3 components that make up a neuron?
dendrites, cell body and axons
88
The grey matter of the brain and spinal cord is composed of which structures?
neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals
89
The spinal cord has two enlargements. The most superior enlargement is known as the cervical enlargement.
What part of the body do the nerves emerging from the cervical enlargement innervate?
The arms
90
Layers of endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium are found in PNS but not in CNS, why is that?
The skull, vertebrae and CNS protect the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. The lack of CT layers in the nerves in
the brain is functionally important as it allows for increased communication between neurons without CT “getting
in the way”
91
Why are there so many blood vessels in the nerve?
Because neurons are very active and require a constant source of glucose and
oxygen as well as efficient waste removal.
92
What are the number of the total nerves vs vertebrae
31 vs 30
93
What is the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord called?
conus medullaris
94
Are the spinal cord and the vertebral column the same length? Why or why not?
No. They start off the same but as an individual grows the vertebral bones get bigger but the spinal cord does not.
By the time the bones stop growing, the end of the spinal cord is approximately the level of the 2nd lumbar
vertebrae.
95
Why does the cauda equina occur?
The cauda equina occurs because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column.
96
Is the diencephalon white or grey matter?
Grey
97
From a posterior view, what is the structure called that separate cerebellum into left and right lateral hemisphere?
Vermis
98
How's the grey-white matter structure like in the cerebellum?
Same as cerebrum
99
What does the longitudinal fissure separate the brain into?
left and right hemisphere
100
What does the lateral fissure divides the brain into
temporal from parietal and frontal lobes
101
what does the central sulcus divide the brain into?
frontal and parietal lobes
102
where is the pre-central gyrus in the cerebrum
frontal
103
where is the post-central gyrus in the cerebrum
parietal
104
What can be affected by severing the corpus collasom?
speech
105
Where does the meninges surrounds?
brain and spinal cord
106
what is the gap between the arachnoid mater and dura mater called? What is in there?
sub-dural space, contains serous fluid
107
what is the gap between the arachnoid mater and pia mater called? what is in there
sub-arachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
108
What is the thickest membrane of all the meninges layer, that holds the brain in place in the skull?
dura mater
109
What are the names of the layers + space in between of the meninges, from the outermost to the innermost.
dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, sub arachnoid space, pia mater
110
3 functions of CSF
- Allows brain to “float” within cranial cavity
- Protects CNS from blows and other trauma
- Provides some nutrients to CNS tissue
111
What does the term agenesis means?
The organ/ structure has failed to develop
