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9: Nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord extends from the __________ to the ______________ (number) of lumbar vertebrae

A

Foromen magnum, 1st or second

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2
Q

What 5 regions are the spinal cord divided into?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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3
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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4
Q

What is the connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

A

meninges

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5
Q

What are the 3 functions of the meninges?

A

protection, contains cerebrospinal fluid, forms partitions inside the skull

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6
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges? From the outside to innermost

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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7
Q

What does the grey matter consist of? (5 things)

A

cell body, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

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8
Q

Where in the CNS has grey matter?

A

Cortex of brain and nuclei

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9
Q

Where in the PNS has grey matter?

A

ganglion

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10
Q

Which part of the spinal cord has grey matter?

A

Inner

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11
Q

Where in the CNS has white matter?

A

nerve tracts

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12
Q

Where in the PNS has white matter?

A

nerves

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13
Q

Which part of the brain has white matter?

A

deeper

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14
Q

Which part of the spinal cord has white matter?

A

outer

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15
Q

What does the white matter consist of?

A

myelinated axons

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16
Q

What sort of neuron travels through the dorsal roots?

A

sensory neuron

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17
Q

What sort of neuron travels through the ventral roots?

A

Motor neuron

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18
Q

dorsal and ventral roots combined into one…what is it called?

A

spinal nerve

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19
Q

Where does the motor neuron cell bodies located at in the grey matter? And where do the somatic and autonomic motor neuron cell bodies are located at?

A

in the horns of the grey matter. Somatic in the ventral horn, autonomic in the lateral horn.

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue of the nerve? from the outer to innermost

A

Epineurium (surrounds several fascicles), perineurium (surrounds a fascicle), endoneurium (surrounds each axon, Schwann cells here too)

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21
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the cervical area?

A

8 pairs spinal nerves vs 7 vertebral bones

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22
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the thoracic area?

A

12 pairs spinal nerves vs 12 vertebral bones

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23
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the lumbar area?

A

5 pairs spinal nerves vs 5 vertebral bones

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24
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the sacral area?

A

5 pairs spinal nerves vs 5 vertebral bones

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25
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves vs pairs of vertebral bones at the coccygeal area?

A

1 pair spinal nerves vs 5 fused into 1 vertebral bone

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26
Q

What are the 3 brain regions in the early embryo?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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27
Q

What does the forebrain consists of? (2 parts)

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon

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28
Q

What does the hindbrain consists of? (3 parts)

A

pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

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29
Q

What does the brainstem consists of?

A

Midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata

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30
Q

What does the diencephalon consists of?

A

thalamus (superior) + subthalamus + epithalamus + hypothalamus (inferior)

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31
Q

What 2 main functions are of the medulla oblongata?

A

autonomic reflexes + maintaining body homeostasis

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32
Q

What two systems does the medulla oblongata regulate, for the purpose of homeostasis?

A

Cardiovascular + respiratory

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33
Q

What sort of reflexes does medulla oblongata control?

A

hiccups, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing

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34
Q

What are the 2 tracts in the pons? And what do they connect?

A

1) longitudinal tracts connecting spinal cord to brain
2) transverse tracts connecting cerebrum to cerebellum

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35
Q

What are the 2 main things that the Pons regulate?

A

sleep centre, respiratory centre

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36
Q

What are the 3 steps of processes of functions of the midbrain?

A

1) receive and integrates visual, auditory and tactile sensory input
2) initiates orients movements of the head, eyes in response
3) controls movement of the eye

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37
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Locomotion, fine motor control, posture and balance control

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38
Q

Which part of the diencephalon has a paired structure + with cluster of nuclei and is called a sensory relay centre, cos it influences moods + actions associated with strong emotions (fear and rage)

A

Thalamus

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39
Q

Which part of the diencephalon consists of a cluster of nuclei, is the most inferior part and is the central controller of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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40
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum (stalk)

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41
Q

What are the 7 things that the hypothalamus control?

A
  1. Coordination of autonomic reflexes, e.g. changes in blood pressure, digestive functions, filling / emptying of
    bladder and defecation.
  2. Controls sleep patterns, satiety and hunger.
  3. Regulation of emotions.
  4. Regulation of food and water intake.
  5. Influences hormone release from pituitary gland.
  6. Stimulates sexual development, arousal and behaviour.
  7. Regulates body temperature.
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42
Q

What are the elevated issue or folds in the cerebrum called?

A

gyri

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43
Q

what are the grooves in the cerebrum called?

A

sulci

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44
Q

what are the deep grooves of the cerebrum called?

A

fissures

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45
Q

What are the frontal lobe of the cerebrum in charge of?

A

motor function, motivation, planning, regulation of mood, sense of smell

46
Q

What are the parietal lobe of the cerebrum in charge of?

A

receives and evaluates sensory info, not special senses

47
Q

Which part of the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex

A

the most posterior part next to the central sulcus

48
Q

Which part of the parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex

A

the most anterior part next to the central sulcus

49
Q

What does the occipital lobe do

A

receives and integrates visual input

50
Q

What does the temporal lobe do

A

receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing + role in memory

51
Q

What does the insula (insular lobe/insular cortex) do?

A

receives and evaluates taste information

52
Q

What part of the cerebrum is in charge of regulation of mood + sense of smell

A

frontal lobe

53
Q

What part of the cerebrum is in charge of receiving and evaluating sensory info

A

parietal lobe

54
Q

What part of the cerebrum receives and integrates visual input?

A

occipital

55
Q

What part of the cerebrum receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing?

A

Temporal lobe

56
Q

What part of the cerebrum has a role in memory?

A

Temporal lobe

57
Q

What part of the cerebrum receives and evaluates taste information?

A

Insula / insular lobe / insular cortex

58
Q

What part of the brain connects the left and right brain hemisphere

A

corpus callosum

59
Q

What is the ‘emotional brain’ called?

A

limbic system

60
Q

what are the roles of the limbic system

A

memory, motivation, emotion, learning + influences autonomic and endocrine system

61
Q

What is the inflammation of meninges called?

A

meningitis

62
Q

What does the layer of meninges called that consists of periosteal dura and meningeal dura?

A

Dura mater

63
Q

What is the part of the meninges called where it goes into the fissure in between the left and right hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

falx cerebri

64
Q

What is the space between the falx cerebri + the dura matter called?

A

Dural venous sinus / superior sagittal sinus

65
Q

How many parts of ventricles are there? In what order from the top to bottom?

A

4 and continuous, lateral (x2), third and forth

66
Q

What cells line the ventricles in the brain?

A

Ependymal cells

67
Q

What is the main function of the ventricles?

A

produce CSF

68
Q

Where is the CSF produced mostly at?

A

choroid plexus

69
Q

What makes the CSF different to the blood serum

A

without most proteins

70
Q

What are the main functions of the CSF

A

protects brain and spinal cord; cushion and bathes, allow brain to float within cranial cavity

71
Q

Where do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system sits under in the nervous system chart

A

nervous system > PNS > autonomic > motor > sym and parasym

72
Q

Which division of the spinal nerves are the sympathetic division? Number them.

A

Thoracolumbar division: T1 - L2

73
Q

Which division of the spinal nerves are the parasympathetic division? Number them.

A

Craniosacral division: 4 cranial nerve nuclei (iii, vii, ix, x) and S2-S4

74
Q

What does the sympathetic division in charge of?

A

fight or flight; ‘E’ = exercise, emergency, excitement, embarrassment

75
Q

What does the parasympathetic division in charge of?

A

rest and digest; ‘D’ = digestion, defecation, diuresis

76
Q

Which of sym/parasym division increase glucose release to blood at the liver?

A

Sympathetic

77
Q

Which of sym/parasym division relax the gallbladder?

A

sympathetic (gallbladder stores and release bile to breakdown fats)

78
Q

Which of sym/parasym division increase cellular metabolism?

A

Sympathetic

79
Q

Which neuroglia migrate to areas damaged by infection, trauma or stroke and perform phagocytosis.

A

microglial cell

80
Q

Which neuroglia provide support and nutrition to neuron cell bodies and protect neurons from heavy metal
poisons within the PNS

A

satellite cell

81
Q

Which neuroglia produce myelin which wraps around the axons of several neurons within the CNS

A

ogliodendrocyte

82
Q

Which neuroglia provide a supportive framework for blood vessels and neurons and regulate the extracellular
composition of brain fluid

A

astrocyte

83
Q

Which neuroglia line the cavities within the brain and contribute to the production of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cell

84
Q

Which neuroglia produce myelin which wraps around the axons of one neuron within the PNS

A

Schwann cell

85
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the nervous sytem?

A

1) receive sensory input
2) integrating information
3) controlling muscles and glands
4) maintaining homeostasis
5) establishing and maintaining mental activity

86
Q

What does nervous tissue consists of

A

neurons and neuroglia

87
Q

What are the 3 components that make up a neuron?

A

dendrites, cell body and axons

88
Q

The grey matter of the brain and spinal cord is composed of which structures?

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals

89
Q

The spinal cord has two enlargements. The most superior enlargement is known as the cervical enlargement.
What part of the body do the nerves emerging from the cervical enlargement innervate?

A

The arms

90
Q

Layers of endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium are found in PNS but not in CNS, why is that?

A

The skull, vertebrae and CNS protect the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. The lack of CT layers in the nerves in
the brain is functionally important as it allows for increased communication between neurons without CT “getting
in the way”

91
Q

Why are there so many blood vessels in the nerve?

A

Because neurons are very active and require a constant source of glucose and
oxygen as well as efficient waste removal.

92
Q

What are the number of the total nerves vs vertebrae

A

31 vs 30

93
Q

What is the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

94
Q

Are the spinal cord and the vertebral column the same length? Why or why not?

A

No. They start off the same but as an individual grows the vertebral bones get bigger but the spinal cord does not.
By the time the bones stop growing, the end of the spinal cord is approximately the level of the 2nd lumbar
vertebrae.

95
Q

Why does the cauda equina occur?

A

The cauda equina occurs because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column.

96
Q

Is the diencephalon white or grey matter?

A

Grey

97
Q

From a posterior view, what is the structure called that separate cerebellum into left and right lateral hemisphere?

A

Vermis

98
Q

How’s the grey-white matter structure like in the cerebellum?

A

Same as cerebrum

99
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate the brain into?

A

left and right hemisphere

100
Q

What does the lateral fissure divides the brain into

A

temporal from parietal and frontal lobes

101
Q

what does the central sulcus divide the brain into?

A

frontal and parietal lobes

102
Q

where is the pre-central gyrus in the cerebrum

A

frontal

103
Q

where is the post-central gyrus in the cerebrum

A

parietal

104
Q

What can be affected by severing the corpus collasom?

A

speech

105
Q

Where does the meninges surrounds?

A

brain and spinal cord

106
Q

what is the gap between the arachnoid mater and dura mater called? What is in there?

A

sub-dural space, contains serous fluid

107
Q

what is the gap between the arachnoid mater and pia mater called? what is in there

A

sub-arachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

108
Q

What is the thickest membrane of all the meninges layer, that holds the brain in place in the skull?

A

dura mater

109
Q

What are the names of the layers + space in between of the meninges, from the outermost to the innermost.

A

dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, sub arachnoid space, pia mater

110
Q

3 functions of CSF

A
  • Allows brain to “float” within cranial cavity
  • Protects CNS from blows and other trauma
  • Provides some nutrients to CNS tissue
111
Q

What does the term agenesis means?

A

The organ/ structure has failed to develop

hsf (16 decks)

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