Community and Ecosystem Flashcards
1
Q
assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential possible interaction
A
community
2
Q
is a collection of populations of all the organisms which occur together in a given place and time.
A
community
3
Q
is also commonly used to refer to a subset of populations within the whole community, for example we talk about plant communities, insect communities, arthropod communities, small mammal communities, etc.
A
community
4
Q
dependent on species diversity and certain species in the community
A
community structure
5
Q
is commonly used to refer to the limitations set by species interactions on which species can coexist with which other
A
community structure
6
Q
is also used to describe the physical arrangement of species in a community, such as the vertical arrangement of species in a forest (trees, shrubs and ground growing herbaceous (non-woody) plants.
A
community structure
7
Q
Limitations set by species interactions on which species can coexist with which others
A
community structure
8
Q
– limitation to coexistence, and they can apply to single species, as well as to groups of species.
A
assembly rules
9
Q
can have emergent properties which arise from these interactions - properties which could not be predicted by studying the individual populations in isolation.
A
ecological communities
10
Q
such as competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, and commensalism affect the structuring of communities
A
interspecific interactions
11
Q
total number of species in the community
A
species richness
12
Q
proportion of each species in the community
A
relative abundance
13
Q
way an organism uses its environment, species thus become more specialized
A
niche
14
Q
include the total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for existence without the influence of interspecific competition or predation from other species
A
fundamental niche
15
Q
part of the fundamental niche actually occupied by the species
A
realized niche
16
Q
Characteristics of community (biological structure) (2)
A
dominance
species diversity
17
Q
Characteristics of community (physical structure) (2)
A
vertical stratification
horizontal pattern
18
Q
vertical structure/layering include
A
light
temperature
oxygen
19
Q
where two or more different communities meet
A
edge
20
Q
when edges are stable or permanent
A
inherent edge
21
Q
temporary which result from natural disturbances or human activities
A
induced edge
22
Q
consist of edges and border
A
boundary
23
Q
where two or more communities not only meet but intergrade
A
ecotone
24
Q
the transition layer between the warmer mixed water at the surface and the cooler deep water below
A
thermocline
25
succession of new environment (no plants)
primary succession
26
occurs on habitats previously lacking plants
➢example include sand dunes, lava flows, and other bare surfaces
➢generally lacking a seed bank
primary succession
27
recovery from a disturbance in existing environment (plants previously
secondary succession
28
following disturbance after blow-down or logging
secondary succession
29
include fires, floods, hurricanes, human activity)
disturbances
30
why does succession occur?
➢Early arriving plants can tolerate harsh conditions, facilitate later arriving species
➢Sometimes due to chance who arrives first
➢Type of climax community depend on climate, terrain, and history
31
why do communities stay the same?
➢Stability is lack of change
➢Resiliency is ability to return to a given state following a disturbance
➢Complexity does not ensure stability
32
assemblage of communities interacting with another together with the environment a distinct area
ecosystem
33
Characteristics of ecosystem
➢Interdependence of biotic and abiotic factors
➢Homeostasis – optimum condition and balance in nature
➢Self-sustaining – continuous flow of nutrient and energy
➢Consisting of the major communities
34
Ecosystem classification based on temp (4)
▪Torrid
▪Tropics
▪Temperate
▪Frigid
35
Ecosystem classification based on habitat or biome
aquatic
terrestrial
36
can be classified into freshwater and marine waters
aquatic biomes
37
fresh water biome (2)
lotic
lentic
38
running waters
lotic waters
39
standing waters
lentic waters
40
marine waters divided into:
pelagic
benthic
41
refer to waters divided into neritic and oceanic
pelagic water
42
consists of the water column of the open ocean and can be further divided into regions by depth.
pelagic zone
43
province above continental shelft
neritic province
44
province of the oceanic basins
oceanic province
45
refers to the bottom which includes the supralittoral, littoral, sublittoral
benthic waters
46
located in the sublittoral shelf
continental shelf
47
located in the bathyal zone
continental slope
48
located in the abyssal zon
abyssal plane
49
largest environment, it covers 70% of the Earth’s surface
marine
50
covers 70% of the Earth’s surface
➢Form a single vast interconnected water mass partially separated into divisions by the continents
➢Characterize by general equality in the composition and amount of dissolved substances (average of 35 ppt) due to continuous diffusion of sea water by means of currents, tides, and storms
marine
51
marine depth varies from intertidal zones to depths of ____ km
10.8
52
Temperature ranges from ___ in the tropics to -_____ in the Arctic, rarely fluctuates more than 5 celsius
32
-2.2
53
the ocean floor, including the intertidal zone (littoral zone)
benthic region
54
Include organisms that live on the floor of the continental shelf, of the continental slope, and the abyssal plain
Majority of the organisms are invertebrates that serve as food for the species of marine vertebrates
benthic region
55
the open waters, include floating organisms (planktons) e.g. phytoplanktons and zooplanktons and free-swimming organism (nektons) e.g. fishes, turtles, marine mammals
pelagic zone
56
Divided into neritic province and oceanic province
pelagic zone
57
shallow water above the continental shelf, with more nutrients and organisms because sunlight penetrate the waters up to the bottom
neritic province
58
– above the high tide mark
supratidal
59
between the high and low tide
intertidal
60
below the low tide mark
subtidal
61
the region of the open sea beyond the continental shelf, above the oceanic basins
oceanic province
62
receives abundant sunlight, planktons are abundant
epipelagic
63
(200-1,000m) – known as the twilight zone, fishes are the primary vertebrates, with cetaceans as frequent visitors
mesopelagic
64
(1,000-4,000) – area of cold, quiet water, permanent darkness, and increased pressure, inhabited by a lesser number of fishes with bioluminescent organs
bathypelagic
65
3,000-6,000m) – comprises a
region with almost
physical environment i.e. continually dark, cold (4oC) ad unchanging composition inhabited by rattails (Macrouridae), brotulas (ophidiidae), lumpfishes (cyclopteridae), and batfishes (ogrocephalidae)
abyssopelagic
66
beyond 6,000 meters, still unexplored, the deepest living fish is known as Abyssobrotula galatheae (Ophidiidae), a blind elongate fish that feeds on benthic invertebrates and lives at adepth ranging from 3,100 to 8,370
hadopelagic
67
-contain brackish water, a mixture of fresh and salt waters, located where rivers flow into the oceans
estuaries
68
Trap the nutrients brought in from the sea by the tides and prevent the escape of nutrients carried by the rivers
estuaries
69
Called as nurseries of the sea because half of all marine fishes develop in the protecetive environment of estuaries, rich in larval shrimps, mollusk and fishes
estuaries
70
important habitat for many vertebrates, located adjacent to estuaries
salt marshes
71
form in warm, shallow seas provide a haven for many invertebrates and fishes
coral reefs
72
shrub and tree species that live along shores, rivers, and estuaries in the tropics and subtropics
mangrove
73
Grows mainly in coastal saline or brackish water
mangrove
74
smallest environment which may include swamps, rain puddles, ponds, hot springs, lakes, streams, and rivers
freshwater
75
Classified into lotic system (flowing water) and lentic system (still water)
freshwater
76
Temperature ranges from freezing to boiling, water maybe clear or turbid with a maximum depth to 1,700 m or more
freshwater
77
affect the stream community
pH
temperature
78
richer natural waters in carbonates, bicarbonates, and associated salts supporting a more abundant aquatic life and larger fish populations than streams with acid waters
high pH (alkaline)
79
streams shaded by trees and shrubs are cooler than those exposed to direct sunlight
➢in slow-flowing streams where current is at minimum, streamlined forms of fishes
are present such as small
-mouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), shiners (Notropis, Cyprinell) and darters (Ethiostoma, Percina)
➢bottom-feeding fishes such as catfish are found at the silty bottom of freshwater habitats
freshwater
80
standing water, include pond and lakes, subdivided into three zones
lentic
81
– shallow water region with light penetration up to the bottom in lentic zone
littoral zone
82
open water zone up to the depth of effective light penetration, photosynthetic zone (lentic zone)
limnetic zone
83
bottom and deep water beyond the depth of effective light penetration in lentic zone
profundal zone
84
is the interface between land and a river or stream
riparian region
85
moving organism
nektons
86
floating organism
planktons
87
rooted in the lake bottom, but their leaves and stems extend out of the water
emergent
88
those that are wholly underwater and may be rooted or unrooted.
submergent plants
89
running water, includes rivers and streams
lotic zone
90
shallow water where velocity is great enough to keep the bottom clear of silt and other loose materials providing a firm substrate
rapid zone
91
deeper water where velocity of current is reduced and silt and other loose materials settle to the bottom providing a soft
pool zone
92
two or more species compete for a resource that is in short supply
competition
93
two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical. The one with slight reproductive advantage will eliminate the other
competitive exclusion principle
94
differences in niches that enable allopatric species to coexist (ecological niche, fundamental niche, realized niche)
resource partitioning
95
predator eats its prey
predation
96
acute senses (heat sensors, chemical sensors, sharp eyesight), structures (claws, teeth, fangs, poisons); speed and agility; and camouflage
adaptations for stalking prey
97
structural (thorns, spines) or chemical (toxic or bitter taste)
prey or plant defenses
98
cryptic coloration (Shape of animal, deceptive markings), aposematic coloration (bright coloration as a warning of toxicity)
passive hiding
99
eats part of the plant, plants have various chemicals and mechanical defenses against herbivory, and herbivores have specialized adaptation for feeding
herbivory
100
– the parasite derives nourishment from the host, does not usually kill the host
parasitism
101
A realized niche refers to the wide range in which the organisms may survive in the absence of a competitor
False
102
Which of the following biomes receives the least amount of precipitation per year?
desert
103
__ is the other term for running water ecosystems
lotic
104
__ is the other term for standing water ecosystems
lentic
105
Profundal zone receives little amount of light in the lake
true
106
Hadopelagic is the deepest zone of the oceanic region
true
107
__ is the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time.
succession
108
Savanna refers to tropical grassland
true
109
__ is the region of the oceanic province characterized by permanent darkness and inhabited by bioluminescent organisms.
bathypelagic
110
__ is also known as the open waters, which includes all the floating and swimming organisms in the ocean/sea.
pelagic zone
111
It is considered to be the richest biome in terms of number and abundance of species.
tropical rainforest forest
112
__ is the ocean floor that includes the
continental shelf, continental slope and the abyssal plain.
benthic region
113
Lotic refers to running waters
true
114
__ is the transition between fresh water ecosystem and marine ecosystems.
estuary
115
Supratidal is located between high tide and low tide mark
false
116
Rapid zone of lentic waters refers to shallow water where velocity of current is high
false
117
__ is the above high tide mark of the neritic province
supratidal
118
Tundra is composed of coniferous forest dominated by cone-bearing trees such as spruce, fir and pine
false
119
Which biome is nearest to the polar region?
tundra
120
Primary succession occurs when there is no pre-existing community
true
121
____ is the region of the oceanic province that receives abundant sunlight, where phytoplankton are abundant
epipelagic
122
___ is the series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem previously existed
primary succession
123
Desert support organisms adapted to arid conditions
true
124
Estuaries are termed as “nurseries of the sea”
true
125
Ponds and lakes are concrete examples of lotic freshwater bodies
false
126
commensals benefit from the host but the host is unaffected by the relationship
commensalism
127
refers to group of populations occupying an area at a given time
community
128
may be based in number, biomass or basal area, and influence or position within a community
dominance
129
relates to both the number of species ( species richness ) and the relative abundance of individuals among species ( species evenness)
species diversity
130
species that controls the diversity of community
keystone species
131
functional role of each species in a community
niche
132
includes the total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for existence without the influence of interspecific competition or predation from other species
fundamental niche
133
part of the fundamental niche actually occupied by the species.
realized niche
134
determined by life forms of plants or vegetation
land
135
Vertical structure in forest (5)
canopy
understory
shrub layer
herb layer
forest floor
136
the primary site of energy fixation through photosynthesis with major influence in the forest. If the canopy is dense and closed, light levels are low and the understory and shrub layers will poorly developed
canopy
137
consist of trees and tall shrubs lower than the canopy
understory
138
shrubs are characterized by having woody stem
shrub layer
139
are plants with soft green stem
herb layer
140
nature of __ layer depend on soil moisture and nutrientcondition and
slope position
herb
141
site where decomposition takesp lace
forest floor
142
aquatic ecosystem determined by light penetratipn
photic
aphotic
143
receiving sunlight
photic
144
doesn’t receive sunlight
aphotic
145
upper most layer receiving much sunlight, high temp
epilimnion
146
second layer characterized by a thermocline ( steep and rapid decline in temp)
metalimnion
147
lower cold layer
hypolimnion
148
the upper layer contains more oxygen than the lower and bottom layer
amount of oxygen
149
where two or more different communities meet
edge
150
when edges are stable or permanent
inherent
151
edge which may result from natural disturbances or human activities
temporary
152
consist of edges and border
boundary
153
where two or more communities not only meet but intergrade
ecotone
154
emergent properties of a community (5)
scale
spatial structure
temporal structure
species richness
diversity
155
is the size of a community. Provided that the area or habitat is well defined, a community can be a system of almost any size, from a drop of water, to a rotting log, to a forest, to the surface of the Pacific Ocean.
scale
156
the way species are distributed relative to each other. Some species provide a framework that creates habitats for other species. These species, in turn create habitats for others, etc. Example: Trees in a rainforest are stratified into several different levels, including a canopy, several understories, a ground level, and roots. Each level is the habitat of a distinct collection of Some places, such as the pools of water that collect at the base of tree branches, may harbor entire communities of their own.
spatial structure
157
is the timing of the appearance and activity of species. Some communities, i.e., arctic tundra and the decay of a corpse, have pronounced
temporal species, other communities have less.Example: Many desert plants and animals are dormant most of the year. They emerge, or germinate, in response to seasonal rains. Other plants stick around year round, having evolved adaptations to resist drought.
temporal structure
158
is the number of species in a community. Clearly, the number of species we can observe is function of the area of the sample. It also is a function of who is looking. Thus, species richness is sensitive to sampling procedure
species richness
159
is the number of species in the community, and their relative abundances.Species are not equally abundant, some species occur in large percentage of samples, others are poorly represented.Some communities, such as tropical rainforests, are much more diverse than others, such as the great basin desert.
diversity
160
is often expressed using Simpson’s diversity index
diversity
161
diversity index
D = 1-S (Pi)^2
162
investigating community structure by grouping organisms at levels higher than the species
trophic level
163
Community with higher diversity are
➢More productive and more stable regarding their productivity
➢Better able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses
➢More resistance to invasive species, organisms that become established outside their native range
164
are events such as floods, fire, droughts, overgrazing, and human activity that damage communities, remove organisms from them, and alter resource availability
disturbances
165
creates opportunities for new species to invade an area and establish themselves. These species modify the environment, and create opportunities for other species to invade. The new species eventually displace the original ones. Eventually, they modify the environment enough to allow a new series of invaders, which ultimately replace them, etc.
disturbances
166
change involving a series of species replacement in a community following a disturbance
succession
167
communities are constantly changing
non-equilibrium model
168
begins in a habitat lacking soil; this might occur following a volcanic eruption.
primary succession
169
the sequence of species on newly exposed landforms that have not previously been influenced by a community, e.g., areas exposed by glacial retreat.
primary succession
170
begins when soil is already present but it has been disturbed and returns to a natural state, as in an abandoned cornfield.
secondary succession
171
occurs in cases which vegetation of an area has been partially or completely removed, but where soil, seeds, and spores remain. Early in succession, species are generally excellent dispersers and good at tolerating harsh environments, but not the best interspecific competitors.
secondary succession
172
is divided into large biogeographic units called biomes.
biosphere
173
large biogeographic units identified mainly by their climax community
biomes
174
as a particular mix of plants and animals adapted to live under certain environmental conditions.The average temperature and rainfall
influences where the different
biomes are found on the surface of the Earth. Climate, and mainly solar radiation and topography, is the principle determinant of the distribution of biomes.
biomes
175
5 major kinds of biomes
aquatic
forest
tundra
desert
grassland
176
include all watery regions of the earth
aquatic
177
both lentic and lotic biomes including lakes and ponds and wetlands
freshwater
178
largest biome, covering greatest amount of surface area, the open ocean
marine
179
vary in temperature and dominated by trees
forest biomes
180
generally dominated by deciduous trees, which shed their leaves with changing of seasons
temperate
181
closest to the equator, marked not by the four seasons that occur in temperate forest but rather a dry and wet seasons
tropical
182
northernmost forest biome, colder climates are dominated by coniferous trees, often on mountains
taiga
183
frigid, treeless, and have short growing season
tundra biomes
184
situated at high latitudes, most northern artic regions have a
permafrost ground with very small, hardy plants
arctic
185
located at high atitudes, these biomes are marked by mountainous regions
apline
186
are frequently found at the center of continents and are characterized by very little rainfall or available water
desert
187
almost no plant growth
hot and dry
188
some precipitation, may be hot or cold
semi-arid
189
markedly unstable, prone to fog blowing in from the ocean
coastal desert
190
dominated by tall grasses, with few shrubs or trees
grassland biomes
191
mainly tropical grassland environment, consisting primarily of tall grasses with some shrubbery, largely known for its diverse wildlife
savanna
192
dryer environment with tall grasses are periodically curbed by natural wildfire
temperate
193
study table
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