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Environmental Biology and Ecology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

term given to the variety of life on Earth and the natural patterns it forms

A

biodiversity

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2
Q

This we see today is the product of billions of years of evolution, shaped by natural processes and, increasingly, by the influence of humans

A

biodiversity

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3
Q

forms the web of life of which we are an integral part and upon which we so fully depend.

A

biodiversity

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4
Q

is often understood in terms of the wide variety of plants, animals and microorganisms.

A

biodiversity

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5
Q

so far, this amount of species have been identified which are mostly small creatures such as insects

A

1.7 million species

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6
Q

– scientists consider that there are actually this much species but a range of 3 to 100 million is given

A

13 million species

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7
Q

refers to variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part;

A

biodiversity

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8
Q

Includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems

A

biodiversity

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9
Q

father of Biodiversity

A

E.O. Wilson

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10
Q

E.O means

A

Edward Osborne Wilson

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11
Q

“the variety of life at every hierarchical level and spatial scale of biological organizations: genes within populations, population within species, species within communities, communities within landscapes, landscapes within biomes, and biomes within the biospehere”

who said this

A

E.O. Wilson

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12
Q

defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”

A

the convention of biological diversity

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13
Q

living things could be assigned a hierarchical position on this metaphorical ladder that would represent their degree of perfection

A

scala naturae

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14
Q

a descriptive or anecdotal treatise on various real or mythical kinds of animals, especially a medieval work with a moralizing tone.

A

bestiary

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15
Q

refers to the variation of genes within a species

A

genetic diversity

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16
Q

enables a population to adapt to its environment and to respond to natural selection

A

genetic diversity

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17
Q

Variety of genetic material within a species or population

A

genetic diversity

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18
Q

amount of this is the basis of speciation

A

genetic variation

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19
Q

genetic diversity within a species often increases with this

A

environmental variablity

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20
Q

refers to the variety of species within a region

A

species diversity

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21
Q

regarded as distinct units of diversity each playing a specific role in the ecosystem

A

species

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22
Q

The number and kind of species, and the number of individuals per species vary, leading to greater diversity

A

species diversity

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23
Q

The number of abundance of species present in different communities

A

species diversity

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24
Q

refers to the variety of biotic communities, habitats, and ecological processes

A

community and ecosystem diveristy

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25
Q

within-community diversity of community and ecosystems

A

alpha diversity

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26
Q

between-communities diversity of community and ecosystem

A

beta diversity

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27
Q

diversity of the habitats over the total landscape or geographical area

A

gamma diversity

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28
Q

Levels of biodiversity

A

genetic
species
ecosystem
functional

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29
Q

variety of genetic material within species/population

A

genetic

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30
Q

variety of species in different communities

A

species

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31
Q

variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

A

ecosystem

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32
Q

The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth

A

ecosystem

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33
Q

the biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and sand ecosystems

A

functional diversity

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34
Q

has the highest number of endemic species of plants and animals

A

Philippines

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35
Q

is considered a mega-diversity country rivaled only by a few countries in the world when it comes to variety of ecosystems, species and genetic resources

A

Philipines

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36
Q

hosts more than 52,177 described species of which more than half is found nowhere else in the world

A

Philippines

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37
Q

considered a biodiversity hotspot, as it continues to experience an alarming rate of destruction of these important resources brought about by overexploitation, deforestation, land degradation, climate change, and pollution (including biological pollution), among
others.

A

philippines

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38
Q

one that is only found in a particular region and nowhere else in the worl

A

endemic

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39
Q

claims that in terms of biodiversity resources, the Philippines was 5th in the world in number of plant species; 8th in the world list of endemic plants; 4th in bird endemism; 5th in mammal endemism; and 8th in endemic reptiles

A

DENR

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40
Q

DENR means

A

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

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41
Q

world’s smallest primate

A

Philippine tarsier

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42
Q

smallest deer

A

mouse deer

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43
Q

largest flower

A

rafflesia

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44
Q

smallest fish

A

pandaka pygmea

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45
Q

largest bird in the world

A

philippine eagle

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46
Q

are the foundations upon which we build societies

A

biological resources

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47
Q

extremely cost or impossible to replace, example include the pest control performed by various creatures feeding on one another or pollination performed by insects and birds going about their everyday business

A

ecological services

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48
Q

Good and services provided for by biodiversity and healthy ecosystems

A

➢Provision of food,
➢fuel and fiber
➢Provision of shelter and building materials;
➢Purification of air and water;
➢Detoxification and decomposition of wastes;
➢Stabilization and moderation of the Earth’s climate;
➢Modration of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of wind;
➢Generation and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cycling;
➢Pollination of plants, including many crops;
➢Control of pests and diseases; Maintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties and livestock breeds, medicines, and other products;
➢and Cultural and aesthetic benefits

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49
Q

indirect drivers of biodiversity loss

A

➢demographic and sociocultural
➢economic and technological
➢institutions and governance
➢conflicts and epidemics

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50
Q

direct drivers of biodiversity loss:

A

➢land/sea use change
➢direct exploitation
➢climate change
➢pollution
➢invasive plant species
➢others

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51
Q

natural ecosystems have declined by 47 percent on average, relative to their estimated states

what kind of decline

A

ecosystem extent and condition

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52
Q

approximately 25 percent of species are already threatened with extinction in most animal and plant groups studied

what kind of decline

A

species extinction risk

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53
Q

biotic integrity (abundance of naturally present species) has decline by 23 percent on average in terrestrial communities

what kind of decline

A

ecological communities

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54
Q

the global biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82 percent indicators of vertebrae abundance has declined rapidly since 1970

what kind of decline

A

biomass and species abundance

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55
Q

72 percent of indicators developed by indigenous peoples and local communities show ongoing deterioration of elements of nature important to them

what kind of decline

A

nature for indigenous peoples and local communities

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56
Q

nursery habitat for countless species, are also vulnerable, with half already gone

A

coastal mangroves

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57
Q

thinner layer means more ultraviolet-B radiation reach the Earth’s surface where it damages living tissue

A

ozone layer

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58
Q

cannot be effectively accomplished through the protection of critical areas alone

A

biodiversity conservation

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59
Q

should be an important component of any conservation program

A

ecosystem restoration

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60
Q

refers to the process of managing or assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed as a means of sustaining ecosystem resilience and conserving biodiversity

A

ecological restoration

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61
Q

two approaches can be combined that any meaningful restoration treatment has to address both the structure and ecological processes within the concerned ecosystem.

A

ecological restoration

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62
Q

seeks to quickly return the structure of a given ecosystem to what it was before it was disturbed

A

structural approach

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63
Q

seeks to return core ecological processes to the role they had before disturbance took
place

A

process approach

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64
Q

is characterized by a decline or loss of biodiversity or ecosystem functions

A

degradation

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65
Q

deals with the crisis of maintaining the genes, species, communities, and ecosystems that make up the earth’s biodiversity

A

conservation

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66
Q

investigates the preservation of the biologic and genetic diversity of animal and plant species which is effectively promoted by restoring natural habitats

A

conservation

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67
Q

rooted in population biology which is generally organized at the genetic level, looking at specific species populations

A

conservation

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68
Q

may be viewed as a sub-component of biodiversity conservation program since it primarily deals with restoration or revitalization of the species’ natural habitat which is an important locus of biodiversity protection

A

restoration

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69
Q

organized at the community level, looking at specific ecosystems

A

restpratopm

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70
Q

which is intended for the maintenance and subsequent utilization of genetic diversity

A

genetic based approach

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71
Q
  • which is directed to species diversity;
A

species based approach

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72
Q

which looks into ecosystem diversity.

A

ecosystem based appraoch

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73
Q

usually done in genetic reserve to maintain suitable ecological conditions and the conservation needs of target species

A

conservation method

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74
Q

ensures the availability of genetic material of the species that has undergone genetic erosion from demographic fluctuations, environmental

A

conservation method

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75
Q

conservation effort extended to significant species (endangered, endemic, umbrella species, biodiversity indicator species, etc.)

A

species based approach

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76
Q

approach can provide specific, measurable targets (e.g. species persistence, increased abundance, and distribution) to evaluate success of the conservation action

A

species based approach

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77
Q

integrated comprehensive strategy projected to protect, preserve, and utilize ecological resources, or communities sustainably

A

ecosystem based approach

78
Q

primarily uses adaptive management to deal with the complex and dynamic nature of ecosystem

A

ecosystem based approach

79
Q

may be classified either in-situ or ex-situ conservation

A

conservation technique

80
Q

is a conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal species within their natural habitats.

A

in-situ conservation approach

81
Q

The approach is generally done to enable biodiversity in maintaining itself within the context of the ecosystem in which it has been found. Such requires conservation of the components of the natural system (populations, species, communities and biophysical systems) as well as the ecological and evolutionary processes occurring within that system

A

in-situ conservation approach

82
Q

aimed at the environmental areas where a target species developed its distinctive properties (genetic reserve conservation

A

in-situ conservation approach

83
Q

environmental area heavily modified by human activity

A

on-farm conservation

84
Q

ecosystem conservation which leads to the establishment of a more comprehensive technique called protected area management system.

A

natural habitat

85
Q

is a geographically defined area that is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives

A

protected area

86
Q

area may be set aside for the protection of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources and is managed through legal or other effective means

A

protected area

87
Q

provide a multiple flow of benefits to humans as they are established to protect a wide variety of features such as: characteristic or unique ecosystem, special species of interest, value, rarity or under threat, tourism

A

protected area

88
Q

This approach has been widely used as a conservation tool in order to maintain a representative sample of unaltered species and eco-systems for the future, and to limit the potential for environmental degradation through human mismanagement of resources.

A

protected area management system

89
Q

Generally smaller areas where the preservation of important natural values with minimum human disturbance is emphasized. Protected areas managed mainly for science or wilderness protection.

what category

A

category I

90
Q

Strict Protection. Sometimes called strict nature reserve/wilderness areas.

A

Category I

91
Q

Generally larger areas with a range of outstanding features and ecosystems. Protected areas mainly for education, recreation, and human inspiration.

what category

A

category II

92
Q

Ecosystem Conservation and Tourism. Sometimes called national parks.

A

Category II

93
Q

Usually similar to National Parks, but are generally smaller areas protecting a single spectacular natural feature or historic site.

A

category III

94
Q

Conservation of Natural Features. Sometimes called natural monuments.

A

category III

95
Q

Areas managed to protect and utilize wildlife species. These areas provide regulated access for research, education, appreciation, and sustainable use of resources.

A

category IV

95
Q

Conservation through Active Management. Sometimes called habitat and wildlife (species) sanctuaries.

what category

A

category IV

96
Q

Protected areas managed to safeguard the integrity of the traditional people-nature interactions as part of the evolution of the area. These areas provide opportunities for tourism integrated within the area’s normal lifestyle and economic activities.

A

category V

97
Q

Landscape/Seascape Conservation and Recreation. Sometimes called protected landscapes/seascapes.

A

category V

98
Q

Protected areas managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems. These areas are directed for long-term maintenance of biological diversity and other natural values.

A

category VI

99
Q

Sustainable Use of Natural Ecosystems. Sometimes called managed resource protected areas

A

category VI

100
Q

amount of areas protected in the Philippines covering a total area of 35,700 square kms which is about 11.9% of the country’s total land area

A

240 areas

101
Q

framework that is consistent with the IUCN global categories

A

National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS)

102
Q

s a conservation of biodiversity for the maintenance of natural variation of genes, individual or population of species outside their natural habitats. It prioritizes plant and animal species that are critically endangered and/or extinct in the wild.

A

ex-situ conservation approach

103
Q

The collective purpose of the approach is to conserve either whole or parts of the target specimen

A

ex-situ conservation approach

104
Q

Conservation by building biorepository that stores and preserves genetic material of crop varieties or domestic animals. This is primarily done by freezing cuttings from plants, or sperm and eggs from animals until further need.

A

gene banks

105
Q

Conservation by housing whole, target plant or
animal specimens for specific purpose which includes: public exhibitions, tourism, education, scientific, and conservation possible breeding and/or subsequent reintroduction into the wild.

A

botanical garden and zoos

106
Q

These are storage facilities for the conservation of germplasm contained in the seeds of the target wild plants, agricultural crops, and forest species. This is primarily done by preserving dried seeds at a very low temperature.

A

seed banks

107
Q

Conservation that saves plant material for short, medium and long-term time in a small place and in a controlled condition. In-vitro conservation is dependent on plant cell, tissue and organ culture techniques.

A

in-vitro conservation

108
Q

do not provide natural condition where the elements of organic evolution and long term ecological processes can operate.

A

ex-situ facilities

109
Q

must only complement rather than replace in-situ conservation measures since the best way to conserve species is to protect them in their natural habitats.

A

ex-situ conservation

110
Q

measures include measures (e.g. soil microbial processes, evolutionary processes, specific ecosystems such as coral reefs or species with highly specialized needs).

A

ex-situ conservation

111
Q

may be used on some or all of the population, when in-situ conservation is too difficult, or impossible. It is only until methods are available to discern easily which of the millions of species and varieties will have economic value, that ex-situ conservation may be used as a means conservation of biodiversity

A

ex-situ conservation

112
Q

was the preferred biodiversity conservation approach over ex-situ conservation

A

in-situ conservation

113
Q

Measures include (genetic reserve, on-farm, and ecosystem conservation) are perceived to be more holistic
in their approach and allow the conservation of processes or habitats

A

in-situ conservation

114
Q

largest ever meeting of world leaders in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

115
Q

historic set of agreements was signed during this event, including two binding agreements “Convention on Climate Change” (targets industrial and other emissions of greenhouse gases and the “convention on Biological Diversity” which is the first global agreement on the conservation sustainable use of biological diversity

A

Earth Summit

116
Q

Three goals of earth summit

A

1.Conservation of biodiversity
2.Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity
3.
Sharing the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way

117
Q

National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992

A

RA 7586

118
Q

enacted to secure for the Filipino people of present and future generations the perpetual existence of all native plants and animals through the establishment of a comprehensive system of integrated protected areas within the classification of national park as provided for in the constitution

A

NIPAS Act

119
Q

which shall encompass outstandingly remarkable areas and
biologically important public lands and ancestral domains that are habitats of rare
and endangered species of plants and animals, bio-geographic zones and related
ecosystems, whether terrestrial, wetlands or marine, all of which shall be
designated as “protected areas”

A

NIPAS

120
Q

is a membership union composed of both government and civil society organizations

A

IUCN

121
Q

critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity, far along more than a list of species and their status

A

IUCN red list

122
Q

international agreement between governments

A

CITES

123
Q

establishes a legal framework with common procedural mechanisms to regulate international trade

A

CITES

124
Q

ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species

A

CITES

125
Q

An area possessing some outstanding ecosystem, features and/or species of flora and fauna of national scientific
importance maintained to protect nature and maintain processes in an undisturbed state in order to have ecologically
representative examples of the natural environment available for scientific study, environmental monitoring,
education, and for the maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state.

A

strict nature reserve

126
Q

A relatively large area not materially altered by human activity where extractive resource uses are not allowed and
maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific,
educational and recreational use.

A

nature park purpose

127
Q

A relatively small area focused on protection of small features to protect or preserve nationally significant natural
features on account of their special interest or unique characteristics.

A

natural monument

128
Q

An area which assures the natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species,
biotic communities or physical features of the environment where these may require specific human manipulations
for their perpetuation.

A

wildlife sanctuary

129
Q

Areas of national significance which are characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land while providing
opportunities for public enjoyment through the recreation and tourism within the normal lifestyle and economic activity
of these areas.

A

protected landscapes and seascapes

130
Q

An extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area normally with difficult access designated as such to protect
natural resources of the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities that could affect the
resource pending the establishment of objectives which are based upon appropriate knowledge and planning.

A

resource reserve

131
Q

An area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modern
technology at their pace

A

natural biotic areas

132
Q

s has evolved to become the
world’s most comprehensive information source on the global
conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species

A

IUCN red list of threatened species

133
Q

variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem

A

biodiversity

134
Q

Measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level

A

biodiversity

135
Q

states that “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”

A

convention on biological diversity

136
Q

ecosystem provides goods and services that includes food and water

A

provisioning services

137
Q

ecosystem that provides goods and services for recreational, spiritual, religious, and other non-material benefits

A

cultural services

138
Q

ecosystem that provides goods and services for regulation of foods, drought, land degradation, and disease

A

regulating services

139
Q

ecosystem that provides goods and services for soil formation and nutrient cycling

A

supporting services

140
Q

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

A

health

141
Q

One of the most basic human rights

A

health

142
Q

One of the most important indicators of sustainable development
➢
The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity vital for the continued functioning of ecosystems and scales as well as for the delivery of ecosystem services

A

health

143
Q

biodiversity and ecosystems play a critical role in determining the state of the Earth System, regulating its material and energy flows and its responses to abrupt or gradual change

A

planetary scale

144
Q

symbiotic microbial communities present in our gut, skin, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, contributes to our nutrition, can help regulate our immune system, and prevent infections

A

human microbiota

145
Q

biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

A

ecosystem

146
Q

Abiotic and biotic factors are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows

A

ecosystem

147
Q

Characteristics of an ecosystem

A

Structures with physical (abiotic) and biological (biotic) components, spatio-temporal patterns, and some degree of predictability

148
Q

an ecosystem with ecological integrity is one that has persistence and adaptability

A

ecological integrity

149
Q

Ecosystems that have lost their ecological integrity are considered “biologically dead”

A

ecological integrity

150
Q

has the ability to maintain itself with minimum human intervention and repair itself when some natural or anthropogenic disturbances occur

A

healthy ecosystem

151
Q

An ecosystem is said to be healthy if it can maintain its structure and functions over a period of time even in the presence of environmental stress

A

healthy ecosystem

152
Q

referred to as the one that is “unhealthy” or “deteriorated”

A

degraded ecosystems

153
Q

Incapable of maintaining its integrity over time

A

degraded ecosystem

154
Q

Signs of unhealthiness in terrestrial ecosystems?

A

➢Decline in species diversity and a shift in species composition to more stress-tolerant species (displacement of native by alien species)
➢Disease outbreaks and pest infestations e.g. pantropical disease (which could be due to monoculture)
➢A decrease in the symbionts of plant

155
Q

biological, physical, chemical, and socio-economic parameters or measures used in assessing the quality and sustainability of a given ecosystems

A

environmental indicators

156
Q

Gauges the condition and vitality of an ecosystem

A

environmental indicators

157
Q

yardstick against which comparisons can be made

A

benchmark sites

158
Q

Attributes of a pristine or minimally disturbed natural area are commonly used in setting the standards for a healthy ecosystem

A

benchmark sites

159
Q

involves people, understanding how nature works, valuing nature’s services

A

Ecosystem Approach (EA)

160
Q

A strategy for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way

A

Ecosystem approach

161
Q

benefits people obtain from ecosystems

A

ecosystem services

162
Q

Classified based on the benefits and functions we derived from biodiversity

A

ecosystem services

163
Q

the products people obtain from ecosystems

A

provisioning services

164
Q

that are necessary for the maintenance of all other ecosystem services

A

supporting services

165
Q

benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes

A

regulating services

166
Q

supporting more than 200-300 woody species and numerous other species of animals; most
degraded forest type in the Philippines because of over-prize timber (Philippine Mahogany) and associated non-timber products

A

lowland forest

167
Q

“cloud forest” because it is covered with rain clouds; dominated oak and laurel families; with numerous ferns and epiphytes

A

montane (mossy) forest

168
Q

Benguet Pine (Pinus insularis) in the Central Cordillera or Mindoro Pine; Northwest Mindoro; tree species are fire tolerant

A

pine forest

169
Q

mangrove forest is dominated by evergreen, woody trees that can adapt to varying levels of salinity

A

coastal forests

170
Q

forms a narrow strip of vegetation dominated by widely distributed species

A

beach forest

171
Q

– special type of forest consisting of Karst found in several coastal areas in the country

A

karst forest

172
Q

replanting trees and/or use of exotic species in degraded forests

A

reforestation

173
Q

allowing the forest to recover on its own through natural succession

A

natural regeneration

174
Q

land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or
pastureland

A

agroforesty

175
Q

natural or anthropogenic that converts forest land to non-forest

A

deforestation

176
Q

traditional form of farming referred to as “swidden farming” or “shifting cultivation” or locally known as kaingin

A

slash and burn agriculture

177
Q

three basic steps of slash and burn agriculture

A

1.clear-cutting of trees
2.burning of forest debris
3.clearing the site for crop production

178
Q

The use of fast-growing species in place of native species in reforestation has persisted because of several reasons:

A

➢
inadequate supply of native seeds/seedlings for reforestation
➢slow regeneration and growth rates of native species
➢poor appreciation or understanding of the watershed value of natural forest stand against that of a reconstructed forest or tree plantation
➢misguided notion of the general public that simply greening an area is as good as ecosystem restoration
➢absence of adequate

179
Q

type on which many others depend for biological needs such as food and shelter (e.g. rice)

A

keystone species

180
Q

– the type which exhibit the tendency to disappear from a site or habitat when subjected to external disturbances, they have a narrow range of tolerance to environmental changes

A

sensitive species

181
Q

can withstand changes to their environment and are thus useful for studying the impacts and consequences of the said changes on the species itself and the ecosystem within which it exists

A

tolerant species

182
Q

In light of the exclusive nature of endemic species within a certain area, they also serve well as indicators of habitat and ecosystem health.

A

endemic species

183
Q

This type of species covers those with a large habitat or range, therefore exerting a major ecological influence on the community (e.g. Philippine Eagle)

A

umbrella species

184
Q

This qualification covers species which have caught the sympathy and support of the
public, thus serving a role as an aspirational icon for ecological conservation (e.g. Philippine Cockatoo

A

flagship species

185
Q

are well known to the public and are regarded as symbols of the conservation agenda. The reason for their popularity is their distinctive features, such as size, colorful appearance, and the like

A

charismatic species

186
Q

HIPCO

A

H – Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation
➢I – Invasive species
➢P – Population growth (human pressure)
➢P – Pollution
➢C – Climate Change
➢O – Overexploitation

187
Q

broadly accepted global environmental agreement to
use trade measures as a way to protect the environment

A

CITES

188
Q

Nature park example

A

Mayon Volcano
*
Natural

189
Q

Natural Monument

A

Hundred Islands, Chocolate hills

Environmental Biology and Ecology (15 decks)

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