Biodiversity Flashcards
term given to the variety of life on Earth and the natural patterns it forms
biodiversity
This we see today is the product of billions of years of evolution, shaped by natural processes and, increasingly, by the influence of humans
biodiversity
forms the web of life of which we are an integral part and upon which we so fully depend.
biodiversity
is often understood in terms of the wide variety of plants, animals and microorganisms.
biodiversity
so far, this amount of species have been identified which are mostly small creatures such as insects
1.7 million species
– scientists consider that there are actually this much species but a range of 3 to 100 million is given
13 million species
refers to variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part;
biodiversity
Includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
biodiversity
father of Biodiversity
E.O. Wilson
E.O means
Edward Osborne Wilson
“the variety of life at every hierarchical level and spatial scale of biological organizations: genes within populations, population within species, species within communities, communities within landscapes, landscapes within biomes, and biomes within the biospehere”
who said this
E.O. Wilson
defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”
the convention of biological diversity
living things could be assigned a hierarchical position on this metaphorical ladder that would represent their degree of perfection
scala naturae
a descriptive or anecdotal treatise on various real or mythical kinds of animals, especially a medieval work with a moralizing tone.
bestiary
refers to the variation of genes within a species
genetic diversity
enables a population to adapt to its environment and to respond to natural selection
genetic diversity
Variety of genetic material within a species or population
genetic diversity
amount of this is the basis of speciation
genetic variation
genetic diversity within a species often increases with this
environmental variablity
refers to the variety of species within a region
species diversity
regarded as distinct units of diversity each playing a specific role in the ecosystem
species
The number and kind of species, and the number of individuals per species vary, leading to greater diversity
species diversity
The number of abundance of species present in different communities
species diversity
refers to the variety of biotic communities, habitats, and ecological processes
community and ecosystem diveristy
within-community diversity of community and ecosystems
alpha diversity
between-communities diversity of community and ecosystem
beta diversity
diversity of the habitats over the total landscape or geographical area
gamma diversity
Levels of biodiversity
genetic
species
ecosystem
functional
variety of genetic material within species/population
genetic
variety of species in different communities
species
variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
ecosystem
The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth
ecosystem
the biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and sand ecosystems
functional diversity
has the highest number of endemic species of plants and animals
Philippines
is considered a mega-diversity country rivaled only by a few countries in the world when it comes to variety of ecosystems, species and genetic resources
Philipines
hosts more than 52,177 described species of which more than half is found nowhere else in the world
Philippines
considered a biodiversity hotspot, as it continues to experience an alarming rate of destruction of these important resources brought about by overexploitation, deforestation, land degradation, climate change, and pollution (including biological pollution), among
others.
philippines
one that is only found in a particular region and nowhere else in the worl
endemic
claims that in terms of biodiversity resources, the Philippines was 5th in the world in number of plant species; 8th in the world list of endemic plants; 4th in bird endemism; 5th in mammal endemism; and 8th in endemic reptiles
DENR
DENR means
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
world’s smallest primate
Philippine tarsier
smallest deer
mouse deer
largest flower
rafflesia
smallest fish
pandaka pygmea
largest bird in the world
philippine eagle
are the foundations upon which we build societies
biological resources
extremely cost or impossible to replace, example include the pest control performed by various creatures feeding on one another or pollination performed by insects and birds going about their everyday business
ecological services
Good and services provided for by biodiversity and healthy ecosystems
➢Provision of food,
➢fuel and fiber
➢Provision of shelter and building materials;
➢Purification of air and water;
➢Detoxification and decomposition of wastes;
➢Stabilization and moderation of the Earth’s climate;
➢Modration of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of wind;
➢Generation and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cycling;
➢Pollination of plants, including many crops;
➢Control of pests and diseases; Maintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties and livestock breeds, medicines, and other products;
➢and Cultural and aesthetic benefits
indirect drivers of biodiversity loss
➢demographic and sociocultural
➢economic and technological
➢institutions and governance
➢conflicts and epidemics
direct drivers of biodiversity loss:
➢land/sea use change
➢direct exploitation
➢climate change
➢pollution
➢invasive plant species
➢others
natural ecosystems have declined by 47 percent on average, relative to their estimated states
what kind of decline
ecosystem extent and condition
approximately 25 percent of species are already threatened with extinction in most animal and plant groups studied
what kind of decline
species extinction risk
biotic integrity (abundance of naturally present species) has decline by 23 percent on average in terrestrial communities
what kind of decline
ecological communities
the global biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82 percent indicators of vertebrae abundance has declined rapidly since 1970
what kind of decline
biomass and species abundance
72 percent of indicators developed by indigenous peoples and local communities show ongoing deterioration of elements of nature important to them
what kind of decline
nature for indigenous peoples and local communities
nursery habitat for countless species, are also vulnerable, with half already gone
coastal mangroves
thinner layer means more ultraviolet-B radiation reach the Earth’s surface where it damages living tissue
ozone layer
cannot be effectively accomplished through the protection of critical areas alone
biodiversity conservation
should be an important component of any conservation program
ecosystem restoration
refers to the process of managing or assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed as a means of sustaining ecosystem resilience and conserving biodiversity
ecological restoration
two approaches can be combined that any meaningful restoration treatment has to address both the structure and ecological processes within the concerned ecosystem.
ecological restoration
seeks to quickly return the structure of a given ecosystem to what it was before it was disturbed
structural approach
seeks to return core ecological processes to the role they had before disturbance took
place
process approach
is characterized by a decline or loss of biodiversity or ecosystem functions
degradation
deals with the crisis of maintaining the genes, species, communities, and ecosystems that make up the earth’s biodiversity
conservation
investigates the preservation of the biologic and genetic diversity of animal and plant species which is effectively promoted by restoring natural habitats
conservation
rooted in population biology which is generally organized at the genetic level, looking at specific species populations
conservation
may be viewed as a sub-component of biodiversity conservation program since it primarily deals with restoration or revitalization of the species’ natural habitat which is an important locus of biodiversity protection
restoration
organized at the community level, looking at specific ecosystems
restpratopm
which is intended for the maintenance and subsequent utilization of genetic diversity
genetic based approach
- which is directed to species diversity;
species based approach
which looks into ecosystem diversity.
ecosystem based appraoch
usually done in genetic reserve to maintain suitable ecological conditions and the conservation needs of target species
conservation method
ensures the availability of genetic material of the species that has undergone genetic erosion from demographic fluctuations, environmental
conservation method
conservation effort extended to significant species (endangered, endemic, umbrella species, biodiversity indicator species, etc.)
species based approach
approach can provide specific, measurable targets (e.g. species persistence, increased abundance, and distribution) to evaluate success of the conservation action
species based approach