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Environmental Biology and Ecology > Adaptation and Evolution > Flashcards

Adaptation and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

a given species is what kind of descendent of some other species

A

genealogical

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2
Q

body parts that serve a function in some animals, but not in related animals

A

vestigial structure

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3
Q

Examples include horse’s splint bones, appendix in humans, whale’s hips

A

vestigial structures

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4
Q

theorized on catastrophism which states that former living animals may have wiped out by natural catastrophe resulting to mass extinction and eventual repopulation of surviving species

A

George Cuvier

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5
Q
  • theorized that changes in the structures of organisms were driven by environment changes that occured during life history on earth
A

George Louis Buffon

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6
Q

proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics and theory of use and disuse

A

Jean Baptiste de Lemarck

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7
Q

states how new traits were acquired in response to a need imposed by the environment

A

theory of inheritance

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8
Q

explains that various organs are greatly improved through use or can be reduced through disused

A

theory of use and disuse

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9
Q

concluded that organisms are products of evolution, that over successive generations, by means of gradual changes from pre-existing organism, new species may
be formed

A

Charles Darwin

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10
Q

Two major contributions include the term evolution and concept of natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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11
Q

organisms originate from one common ancestor, the genealogies of modern species as well as those which are extinct can be traced backward until the ancestral lineage may be identified

what mechanism

A

comon descent

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12
Q

Species vary in physical feature and such variations can be passed over generations, Genes are responsible for the appearance of organisms and variations result from mutation

what mechanism

A

variations

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13
Q

Genes are responsible for the appearance of organisms and variations result from mutation

what mechanism

A

struggle for existence

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14
Q

Genes are responsible for the appearance of organisms and variations result from mutation

what mechanism

A

adaptation

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15
Q

Categories of classification (smallest to biggest)

A

➢Species
➢Genus
➢Family
➢Order
➢Class
➢Phylum
➢Kingdom

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16
Q

recently been added to the categories of classification

A

domain

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17
Q

are responsible for the appearance of organisms and variations result from mutation

A

genes

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18
Q

any structural, chromosomal, or molecular feature that distinguishes one group from another.

A

character

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19
Q

is the study of the diversity of organisms using information from cellular to
population levels

A

systematics

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20
Q

___ reflects phylogeny; one of the goal of systematics is to create phylogenetic trees

A

classification

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21
Q

is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

A

phylogeny

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22
Q

indicates common ancestors and lines of descent or lineages.

A

phylogenetic trees

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23
Q

is a trait that is present in a common ancestor and all members of a group.

A

primitive character

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24
Q

is present only in a specific line of descent.

A

derived character

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25
Q

Different lineages diverging from a common ancestor have these which are traits shared by the ancestor and the species in its lines of descent.

A

ancestral characteristics

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26
Q

is a part of systematics because classification categories list the unique characters of each taxon, which reflect phylogeny.

A

classification

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27
Q

mechanism for evolution.

A

adaptation

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28
Q

largely affect the environment causing climate change, pollution, land conversion
and reduce population sizes of species

A

human activities

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29
Q

French vertebrate zoologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist

A

Georges Cuvier

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30
Q

named as the Father of Comparative Anatomy and Paleontology

A

Georges Cuvier

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31
Q

proposed fixity of species and catastrophism

A

Georges Cuvier

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32
Q

no changes occurred in the structure of species due to adaptation, no changes occurred in the structure of species due to adaptation

A

fixity of species

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33
Q

unable to adapt will result to extinction of the species

A

fixity of species

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34
Q

belief that periods of catastrophic extinction occurred

A

catastrophism

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35
Q

after the mass extinction, repopulation of surviving species took place, giving the appearance of change through time

A

catastrophism

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36
Q

French invertebrate zoologist and botanist

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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37
Q

proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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38
Q

belief that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an organism can be passed on to the offspring

A

theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

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39
Q

classic example he used to explain this theory was the long neck of giraffe

A

theory of acquired characteristics

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40
Q

their necks were believed to have developed over time because previous generations that stretched t
heir necks to reach food high in trees passed on their long necks to their offspring

A

giraffe

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41
Q

this theory was rejected because phenotypic changes acquired during anorganism’s lifetime do not results in genetic changes that can be passed on the next generations

A

theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

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42
Q

explanation of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in what book

A

the origin of species by means of natural selection

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43
Q

British naturalist born on February 12, 1809 at Shrewsbury, England

A

Charles Darwin

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44
Q

➢finished BA degree in 1831
➢joined a 5-year voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831) as naturalist to study the geology and biology of the journey

A

Charles Darwin

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45
Q

➢published several books such as Zoology of the Beagle (1840), The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842), Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands (1844), The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), The Descent of Man (1871)
➢proposed and formulated the process of evolution in his book The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

A

Charles Darwin

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46
Q

Change in the characteristics of population over the course of many generations

A

evolution

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47
Q

directs the change of living things

A

natural selection

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48
Q

a record of the history of life that shows that organisms have changed over time

A

fossil

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49
Q

the study of the distribution of life forms shows that organisms evolve in one locale and then spread to other regions

A

biogeography

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50
Q

related organisms share a unity of plan e.g. all vertebrate forelimbs contain the same sets of bones despite dissimilar functions

A

comparative anatomy

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51
Q

related organisms develop similarly, all vertebrates at some time have paired pharyngeal pouches bordering gill clefts, yet only fishes and amphibian larvae have gills

A

comparative embryology

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52
Q

almost all living things use the same basic biochemical molecules, including DNA, ATP, and many identical or nearly identical enzymes

A

comparative biochemistry

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53
Q

defined as change in genetics of a population over time (generations)

A

organic evolution

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54
Q

can be studied at two levels: microevolution and macroevolution

A

organic evolutio

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55
Q

refers to small-scale genetic changes within populations

A

microevolution

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56
Q

which refers to the large-scale results of genetic changes in populations, including the formation of new species and the evolution of large scale trends seen across species in what traits they have

A

macroevolution

57
Q

refers to all individuals of the same species living in a defined area at the same time

A

population

58
Q

evolution within population; can occur through several mechanisms

A

microevolution

59
Q

the first of microevolution that was discovered, and the form which is best known as

A

natural selection

60
Q

is evolution that occurs because individuals with some traits survive and reproduce better than do individuals with other traits

A

natural selection

61
Q

can also be said to occur because of difference in fitness within a population

A

natural selection

62
Q

natural selection was proposed by whom (2)

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

63
Q

refers to the degree to which individuals with certain traits are expected to
survive and reproduce

A

fitness

64
Q

refers either to the process of natural selection, or to a trait that has evolved through natural selection

A

adaptation

65
Q

More young are produced each generation than can survive to reproduce; this is generally observed in species; many of the offspring born to any generation die before reproduction

A

first postulate

66
Q

Individuals in a population vary in their characteristics; this is also generally observed in species; individuals are not identical to one another

A

second postulate

67
Q

The differences among individuals are based on genetic differences; the genetic basis for many traits in natural populations and often have observed that the differences among individuals are present because of genetic differences

A

third postulate

68
Q

Individuals with some characteristics survive and reproduce better (have higher fitness) than do individuals with other characteristics; this has now been observed in hundreds of populations

A

fourth postulate

69
Q

if these four postulates are all true of a population, they result in ___

A

natural selectio

70
Q

evolution brought about by genetic changes within populations resulting to speciation

A

macroevolution

71
Q

the idea is that if organisms belong to the same species then they can reproduce, and their offspring can also survive and reproduce

A

macroevolution

72
Q

if organisms belong to different species, they cannot reproduce with each other or, if they do, their offspring die or are sterile

A

macroevolution

73
Q

since speciation occurs when one species evolves into more than one new species, it increases the number of species that exist

A

macroevolution

74
Q

refers to the formation of new species; it occurs when one ancestral species evolves into more than one (typically two) descendant species

A

speciation

75
Q

are typically defined as groups of organisms that are so similar to each other that they can reproduce and produce healthy fertile offspring

A

species

76
Q

are composed of DNA and they specify how to build (encode) proteins

A

genes

77
Q

two or more forms of a given gene that result in the production of different version of protein that it encodes

A

alleles

78
Q

visible manifestation of a character of organism eg. brown color of eyes, curly hair etc.

A

phenotype

79
Q

refers to the genetic makeup of an individuals with letters that represent the individual’s two copies of each gene (one inherited from the mother, the other from the father)

A

genotype

80
Q

– two alleles that are the same

A

homozygous

81
Q

two alleles that are different

A

heterozygous

82
Q

occurs when alleles are transferred from one population to another via the movement of individuals or gametes (eg. plant pollen)

A

gene flow

83
Q

two effects include the transferring of alleles between population to make the population more similar to one another genetically and introducing new allele to a new population

A

gene flow

84
Q

change in the DNA of a gene that can result from copying errors during cell division , mechanical damage when molecules and cell structures collide with DNA, exposure to certain chemicals or to high energy forms of radiation

A

mutation

85
Q

formation of new alleles through this is critical to evolution

A

mutation

86
Q

also called genetic sampling error or Sewall Wright effect

A

genetic drift

87
Q

can increase genetic differences between populations because chance events may cause an allele to reach fixation in one population, yet be lost from another population

A

genetic drift

88
Q

a change in the gene pool of a small population that takes place strictly by chance. Genetic drift can result in genetic traits being lost from a population or becoming widespread in a population without respect to the survival or reproductive value of the alleles

A

Sewall Wright Effect

89
Q

mechanism for evolution

A

natural selection

90
Q

proposed by Alfred Wallace in 1858 and by Charles Darwin in 1859

A

Natural Selection

91
Q

caused by environmental selection of organism most fit to reproduce, resulting in adaptation

A

Natural Selection

92
Q

Preconditions for Natural Selection

A

➢The members of the population must have heritable variations.
➢After each generation, in the population, more individuals are produced than can survive and reproduce.
➢Some individual possessed adaptive characteristics giving them greater chances of survival

93
Q

Result of Natural Selection

A

1.Advance body organization and improve species
2.Preserve and accumulate small-inherited modifications that are profitable for the species.
3.The favored form increases in number and generally the less favored decreases and become rare.
4.Increased diversity of life

94
Q

occurs when individuals with one extreme of heritable phenotypic trait ( e.g. large size) are favored over other individuals ( small and medium sized individuals)

A

directional selection

95
Q

individuals with an intermediate phenotype (eg. medium sized individuals) are favored in a population

A

stabilizing selection

96
Q

individuals with phenotype at either extreme are favored ( for example, small and large individuals have an advantage over medium-sized individuals)

A

disruptive selection

97
Q

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

A

speciation

98
Q

involves the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages

A

speciation

99
Q

caused by geographic isolation in which individuals are isolated in another place

A

allopatric speciation

100
Q

The most common mechanism for geographic isolation is an actual physical barrier that gets between members of a population such as mountain building

A

allopatric speciation

101
Q

The most common mechanism for geographic isolation is an actual physical barrier that gets between members of a population such as mountain building

A

allopatric speciation

102
Q

is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an
isolated peripheral population

A

peripatric speciation

103
Q

may be caused by an extreme case of geographic isolation where only a few individuals are isolated, or it could follow not only a geographic isolation but also some sort of disaster that kills off all but a few of the isolated population.

A

peripatric speciation

104
Q

With such a small gene pool, rare genes are passed down more often, which causes genetic drift. The isolated individuals quickly become incompatible with their former species and become a new species.

A

peripatric speciation

105
Q

Also known as founder effect speciation

A

peripatric speciation

106
Q

Proposed explanation for the rapid speciation of Hawaiian Drosophila

A

peripatric speciation

107
Q

Genetic divergence arises largely through genetic drift and natural selection

A

peripatric speciation

108
Q

Reproductive isolation evolves in a small population, isolated from its parent population

A

peripatric speciation

109
Q

morphological adaptation of an animal living in the constant darkness of caves, characterized by features such as loss of pigment, reduced eyesight or blindness, and frequently attenuated bodies and/or
appendages

A

troglomorphism

110
Q

-patric means place and para- means beside attached implies that the populations are not isolated by a physical barrier but are instead beside each other

A

parapatric speciation

111
Q

mixing and mating does not happen in parapatric speciation. For some reason, individuals within the population only mate with individuals in their immediate area

A

parapatric speciation

112
Q

example include the pollution from mines leading to contamination of the soil in part of the range of a species of grass wherein plants growing on contaminated soil have evolved a tolerance for heavy metals and also flower at a different time to plants growing on uncontaminated soil

A

parapatric speciation

113
Q

extremely rare type of speciation

A

parapatric speciation

114
Q

occurs when populations are separated not only by a geographical barrier but by an extreme change in habitat

A

parapatric speciation

115
Q

occurs when a single species develops into two distinct species as a result of reproductive isolation, despite living in the same geographical area

A

sympatric speciation

116
Q

Species do not have to be geographically isolated for speciation to occur. As long
as two groups are reproductively isolated genotypic and phenotypic differences can accumulate until the groups are so different they are considered separate species.

A

sympatric speciation

117
Q

“geographical barrier”

A

allopatric

118
Q

“partial spatial isolation”

A

parapatric

119
Q

“genetic polymorphism”

A

sympatric

120
Q

“isolation of a population at the periphery”

A

peripatric

121
Q

the evolutionary history of species, or history of speciation

A

phylogeny

122
Q
  • is the study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development
A

phylogeny

123
Q

attempts to trace the evolutionary history of all life on the planet.

A

phylogeny

124
Q

is based on the phylogenetic hypothesis that all living organisms share a common ancestry.

A

phylogeny

125
Q

➢
the pattern of evolutionary relationships through speciation, or the history of speciation, among species or to the family tree of all life, indicating how all living things are related, typically diagrammed as a phylogenetic tree

A

phylogeny

126
Q

the history of speciation tell us how these species are related to each other

A

phylogeny

127
Q

if they evolved to be separate species relatively recently, then they are _____ _____

A

close relatives

128
Q

if they evolved to be separate species long ago, then they are ___ relatives

A

distant

129
Q

trees can be drawn in several different ways; the most common of which are the forked-type and slanted formats

A

phylogenetic trees

130
Q

study parts of a phylogenetic tree

A

+1

131
Q

process of change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism

A

evolution

132
Q

historic process of change by means of which organisms have reach their present state

A

organic evolution

133
Q

ntroduce the fixity of species

A

Georges Cuvier

134
Q

no changes occurred in the structure of species due to adaptation, unable to adapt will result to extinction of the species

A

fixity of species

135
Q

belief that periods of catastrophic extinction occurred, after the mass extinction, repopulation of surviving species took place, giving the appearance of change through time

A

catastrophism

136
Q

proposed the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

137
Q

proposed the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

138
Q

different ancestors but same function

A

analogous structures

139
Q

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

A

homologus structures

Environmental Biology and Ecology (15 decks)

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