Adaptation and Evolution Flashcards
a given species is what kind of descendent of some other species
genealogical
body parts that serve a function in some animals, but not in related animals
vestigial structure
Examples include horse’s splint bones, appendix in humans, whale’s hips
vestigial structures
theorized on catastrophism which states that former living animals may have wiped out by natural catastrophe resulting to mass extinction and eventual repopulation of surviving species
George Cuvier
- theorized that changes in the structures of organisms were driven by environment changes that occured during life history on earth
George Louis Buffon
proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics and theory of use and disuse
Jean Baptiste de Lemarck
states how new traits were acquired in response to a need imposed by the environment
theory of inheritance
explains that various organs are greatly improved through use or can be reduced through disused
theory of use and disuse
concluded that organisms are products of evolution, that over successive generations, by means of gradual changes from pre-existing organism, new species may
be formed
Charles Darwin
Two major contributions include the term evolution and concept of natural selection
Charles Darwin
organisms originate from one common ancestor, the genealogies of modern species as well as those which are extinct can be traced backward until the ancestral lineage may be identified
what mechanism
comon descent
Species vary in physical feature and such variations can be passed over generations, Genes are responsible for the appearance of organisms and variations result from mutation
what mechanism
variations
Genes are responsible for the appearance of organisms and variations result from mutation
what mechanism
struggle for existence
Genes are responsible for the appearance of organisms and variations result from mutation
what mechanism
adaptation
Categories of classification (smallest to biggest)
➢Species
➢Genus
➢Family
➢Order
➢Class
➢Phylum
➢Kingdom
recently been added to the categories of classification
domain
are responsible for the appearance of organisms and variations result from mutation
genes
any structural, chromosomal, or molecular feature that distinguishes one group from another.
character
is the study of the diversity of organisms using information from cellular to
population levels
systematics
___ reflects phylogeny; one of the goal of systematics is to create phylogenetic trees
classification
is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
phylogeny
indicates common ancestors and lines of descent or lineages.
phylogenetic trees
is a trait that is present in a common ancestor and all members of a group.
primitive character
is present only in a specific line of descent.
derived character
Different lineages diverging from a common ancestor have these which are traits shared by the ancestor and the species in its lines of descent.
ancestral characteristics
is a part of systematics because classification categories list the unique characters of each taxon, which reflect phylogeny.
classification
mechanism for evolution.
adaptation
largely affect the environment causing climate change, pollution, land conversion
and reduce population sizes of species
human activities
French vertebrate zoologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist
Georges Cuvier
named as the Father of Comparative Anatomy and Paleontology
Georges Cuvier
proposed fixity of species and catastrophism
Georges Cuvier
no changes occurred in the structure of species due to adaptation, no changes occurred in the structure of species due to adaptation
fixity of species
unable to adapt will result to extinction of the species
fixity of species
belief that periods of catastrophic extinction occurred
catastrophism
after the mass extinction, repopulation of surviving species took place, giving the appearance of change through time
catastrophism
French invertebrate zoologist and botanist
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
belief that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an organism can be passed on to the offspring
theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
classic example he used to explain this theory was the long neck of giraffe
theory of acquired characteristics
their necks were believed to have developed over time because previous generations that stretched t
heir necks to reach food high in trees passed on their long necks to their offspring
giraffe
this theory was rejected because phenotypic changes acquired during anorganism’s lifetime do not results in genetic changes that can be passed on the next generations
theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
explanation of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in what book
the origin of species by means of natural selection
British naturalist born on February 12, 1809 at Shrewsbury, England
Charles Darwin
➢finished BA degree in 1831
➢joined a 5-year voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831) as naturalist to study the geology and biology of the journey
Charles Darwin
➢published several books such as Zoology of the Beagle (1840), The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842), Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands (1844), The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), The Descent of Man (1871)
➢proposed and formulated the process of evolution in his book The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
Change in the characteristics of population over the course of many generations
evolution
directs the change of living things
natural selection
a record of the history of life that shows that organisms have changed over time
fossil
the study of the distribution of life forms shows that organisms evolve in one locale and then spread to other regions
biogeography
related organisms share a unity of plan e.g. all vertebrate forelimbs contain the same sets of bones despite dissimilar functions
comparative anatomy
related organisms develop similarly, all vertebrates at some time have paired pharyngeal pouches bordering gill clefts, yet only fishes and amphibian larvae have gills
comparative embryology
almost all living things use the same basic biochemical molecules, including DNA, ATP, and many identical or nearly identical enzymes
comparative biochemistry
defined as change in genetics of a population over time (generations)
organic evolution
can be studied at two levels: microevolution and macroevolution
organic evolutio
refers to small-scale genetic changes within populations
microevolution
which refers to the large-scale results of genetic changes in populations, including the formation of new species and the evolution of large scale trends seen across species in what traits they have
macroevolution
refers to all individuals of the same species living in a defined area at the same time
population
evolution within population; can occur through several mechanisms
microevolution
the first of microevolution that was discovered, and the form which is best known as
natural selection
is evolution that occurs because individuals with some traits survive and reproduce better than do individuals with other traits
natural selection
can also be said to occur because of difference in fitness within a population
natural selection
natural selection was proposed by whom (2)
Alfred Russel Wallace
refers to the degree to which individuals with certain traits are expected to
survive and reproduce
fitness
refers either to the process of natural selection, or to a trait that has evolved through natural selection
adaptation
More young are produced each generation than can survive to reproduce; this is generally observed in species; many of the offspring born to any generation die before reproduction
first postulate
Individuals in a population vary in their characteristics; this is also generally observed in species; individuals are not identical to one another
second postulate
The differences among individuals are based on genetic differences; the genetic basis for many traits in natural populations and often have observed that the differences among individuals are present because of genetic differences
third postulate
Individuals with some characteristics survive and reproduce better (have higher fitness) than do individuals with other characteristics; this has now been observed in hundreds of populations
fourth postulate
if these four postulates are all true of a population, they result in ___
natural selectio
evolution brought about by genetic changes within populations resulting to speciation
macroevolution
the idea is that if organisms belong to the same species then they can reproduce, and their offspring can also survive and reproduce
macroevolution
if organisms belong to different species, they cannot reproduce with each other or, if they do, their offspring die or are sterile
macroevolution
since speciation occurs when one species evolves into more than one new species, it increases the number of species that exist
macroevolution
refers to the formation of new species; it occurs when one ancestral species evolves into more than one (typically two) descendant species
speciation
are typically defined as groups of organisms that are so similar to each other that they can reproduce and produce healthy fertile offspring
species
are composed of DNA and they specify how to build (encode) proteins
genes
two or more forms of a given gene that result in the production of different version of protein that it encodes
alleles
visible manifestation of a character of organism eg. brown color of eyes, curly hair etc.
phenotype
refers to the genetic makeup of an individuals with letters that represent the individual’s two copies of each gene (one inherited from the mother, the other from the father)
genotype
– two alleles that are the same
homozygous
two alleles that are different
heterozygous
occurs when alleles are transferred from one population to another via the movement of individuals or gametes (eg. plant pollen)
gene flow
two effects include the transferring of alleles between population to make the population more similar to one another genetically and introducing new allele to a new population
gene flow
change in the DNA of a gene that can result from copying errors during cell division , mechanical damage when molecules and cell structures collide with DNA, exposure to certain chemicals or to high energy forms of radiation
mutation
formation of new alleles through this is critical to evolution
mutation
also called genetic sampling error or Sewall Wright effect
genetic drift
can increase genetic differences between populations because chance events may cause an allele to reach fixation in one population, yet be lost from another population
genetic drift
a change in the gene pool of a small population that takes place strictly by chance. Genetic drift can result in genetic traits being lost from a population or becoming widespread in a population without respect to the survival or reproductive value of the alleles
Sewall Wright Effect
mechanism for evolution
natural selection
proposed by Alfred Wallace in 1858 and by Charles Darwin in 1859
Natural Selection
caused by environmental selection of organism most fit to reproduce, resulting in adaptation
Natural Selection
Preconditions for Natural Selection
➢The members of the population must have heritable variations.
➢After each generation, in the population, more individuals are produced than can survive and reproduce.
➢Some individual possessed adaptive characteristics giving them greater chances of survival
Result of Natural Selection
1.Advance body organization and improve species
2.Preserve and accumulate small-inherited modifications that are profitable for the species.
3.The favored form increases in number and generally the less favored decreases and become rare.
4.Increased diversity of life
occurs when individuals with one extreme of heritable phenotypic trait ( e.g. large size) are favored over other individuals ( small and medium sized individuals)
directional selection
individuals with an intermediate phenotype (eg. medium sized individuals) are favored in a population
stabilizing selection
individuals with phenotype at either extreme are favored ( for example, small and large individuals have an advantage over medium-sized individuals)
disruptive selection
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
speciation
involves the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages
speciation
caused by geographic isolation in which individuals are isolated in another place
allopatric speciation
The most common mechanism for geographic isolation is an actual physical barrier that gets between members of a population such as mountain building
allopatric speciation
The most common mechanism for geographic isolation is an actual physical barrier that gets between members of a population such as mountain building
allopatric speciation
is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an
isolated peripheral population
peripatric speciation
may be caused by an extreme case of geographic isolation where only a few individuals are isolated, or it could follow not only a geographic isolation but also some sort of disaster that kills off all but a few of the isolated population.
peripatric speciation
With such a small gene pool, rare genes are passed down more often, which causes genetic drift. The isolated individuals quickly become incompatible with their former species and become a new species.
peripatric speciation
Also known as founder effect speciation
peripatric speciation
Proposed explanation for the rapid speciation of Hawaiian Drosophila
peripatric speciation
Genetic divergence arises largely through genetic drift and natural selection
peripatric speciation
Reproductive isolation evolves in a small population, isolated from its parent population
peripatric speciation
morphological adaptation of an animal living in the constant darkness of caves, characterized by features such as loss of pigment, reduced eyesight or blindness, and frequently attenuated bodies and/or
appendages
troglomorphism
-patric means place and para- means beside attached implies that the populations are not isolated by a physical barrier but are instead beside each other
parapatric speciation
mixing and mating does not happen in parapatric speciation. For some reason, individuals within the population only mate with individuals in their immediate area
parapatric speciation
example include the pollution from mines leading to contamination of the soil in part of the range of a species of grass wherein plants growing on contaminated soil have evolved a tolerance for heavy metals and also flower at a different time to plants growing on uncontaminated soil
parapatric speciation
extremely rare type of speciation
parapatric speciation
occurs when populations are separated not only by a geographical barrier but by an extreme change in habitat
parapatric speciation
occurs when a single species develops into two distinct species as a result of reproductive isolation, despite living in the same geographical area
sympatric speciation
Species do not have to be geographically isolated for speciation to occur. As long
as two groups are reproductively isolated genotypic and phenotypic differences can accumulate until the groups are so different they are considered separate species.
sympatric speciation
“geographical barrier”
allopatric
“partial spatial isolation”
parapatric
“genetic polymorphism”
sympatric
“isolation of a population at the periphery”
peripatric
the evolutionary history of species, or history of speciation
phylogeny
- is the study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development
phylogeny
attempts to trace the evolutionary history of all life on the planet.
phylogeny
is based on the phylogenetic hypothesis that all living organisms share a common ancestry.
phylogeny
➢
the pattern of evolutionary relationships through speciation, or the history of speciation, among species or to the family tree of all life, indicating how all living things are related, typically diagrammed as a phylogenetic tree
phylogeny
the history of speciation tell us how these species are related to each other
phylogeny
if they evolved to be separate species relatively recently, then they are _____ _____
close relatives
if they evolved to be separate species long ago, then they are ___ relatives
distant
trees can be drawn in several different ways; the most common of which are the forked-type and slanted formats
phylogenetic trees
study parts of a phylogenetic tree
+1
process of change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism
evolution
historic process of change by means of which organisms have reach their present state
organic evolution
ntroduce the fixity of species
Georges Cuvier
no changes occurred in the structure of species due to adaptation, unable to adapt will result to extinction of the species
fixity of species
belief that periods of catastrophic extinction occurred, after the mass extinction, repopulation of surviving species took place, giving the appearance of change through time
catastrophism
proposed the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
proposed the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
different ancestors but same function
analogous structures
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions
homologus structures
