Biogeochemical Cycles

Question 1

n the ecosystem help explain how the planet conserves matter and uses energy

Answer 1

biogeochemical cycles

Question 2

store elements and recycle them

Answer 2

biogeochemical cycles

Question 3

is important for understanding how natural ecosystems resist human-induced stresses, and also for anticipating and modeling the sustainable functioning of human-impacted ecosystems.

Answer 3

biogeochemical cycles

Question 4

is a pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (“bio-“) and abiotic (“geo-“) compartments of an ecosystem.

Answer 4

biogeochemical cycle

Question 5

places where the element is accumulated or held for a long period of time.

Answer 5

reservoirs

Question 6

gaseous cycles include

Answer 6

carbon and nitrogen

Question 7

sedimentary cycles include

Answer 7

phosphorus, sulfur

Question 8

hydrologic cycle include

Answer 8

water

Question 9

accumulated excrement and remains of birds, bats, and seals, valued as fertilizer

Answer 9

guano

Question 10

is condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth’s surface.

Answer 10

precipitation

Question 11

most precipitation occurs as what

Answer 11

rain

Question 12

other form of precipitation

Answer 12

snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, sleet

Question 13

is the transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere

Answer 13

evaporation

Question 14

evaporation in lpants

Answer 14

transpiration

Question 15

evaporation and transpiration from plants makes up

Answer 15

evapotranspiration

Question 16

water evaporation into the atmosphere from the soil surface, evaporation from the capillary fringe of the groundwater table, and evaporation from water bodies on land

Answer 16

evapotranspiration

Question 17

is the transformation of water vapour to liquid water droplets in the air, producing clouds and fog.

Answer 17

condensation

Question 18

the storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the

Answer 18

oceans

Question 19

percent that oceans supply evaporated water that goes into the water cycle

Answer 19

90

Question 20

energy that water cycle is powered from

Answer 20

solar energy

Question 21

process where global evaporation occurring in oceans

Answer 21

evaporative cooling

Question 22

Without the cooling effect of evaporation the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher/lower surface temperature

Answer 22

higher

Question 23

is stored in the planet in the following major sinks: (a) as organic molecules in living and dead organisms found in the biosphere; (b) as the gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; (c) as organic matter in soils; (d) in the lithosphere as fossil fuels and sedimentary rock deposits such as limestone, dolomite and chalk; and (e) in the oceans as dissolved atmospheric carbon dioxide and as calcium carbonate shells in marine organisms.

Answer 23

carbon

Question 24

how is carbon stored in the biosphere

Answer 24

as organic molecules in living and dead organisms

Question 25

how is carbon stored in the atmosphere

Answer 25

as CO2

Question 26

how is carbon stsored in the lithosphere

Answer 26

fossil fuels and sedimentary rock deposits such as limestone, dolomite, and chalk

Question 27

how is carbon stored in the ocean

Answer 27

dissolved CO2 and CaCO3 shells in marine organisms

Question 28

study the water cycle in ppt

Answer 28

+1

Question 29

study the carbon cyclce

Answer 29

+1

Question 30

process that chemically convert the carbon dioxide to carbon-based sugar molecules. These molecules can then be chemically modified by these organisms through the metabolic addition of other elements to produce more complex compounds like proteins, cellulose, and amino acids.

Answer 30

photosynthesis

Question 31

Carbon is released from ecosystems as carbon dioxide gas by the process of

Answer 31

respiration

Question 32

takes place in both plants and animals and involves the breakdown of carbon-based organic molecules into carbon dioxide gas and some other compound byproducts

Answer 32

respiration

Question 33

contains a number of organisms whose primary ecological role is the decomposition of organic matter into its abiotic components

Answer 33

detritus food chain

Question 34

Carbon dioxide enters the waters of the ocean by what process

Answer 34

simple diffusion

Question 35

Carbon dioxide can be converted to once dissolved in sewater

Answer 35

carbonate, bicarbonate

Question 36

acid formed when CO2 enters the ocean

Answer 36

carbonic acid

Question 37

Another reaction important in controlling oceanic pH levels is the release of

Answer 37

hydrogen ions and bicarbonate

Question 38

certain forms of sea life biologically fix what with calcium to form calcium carbonate

Answer 38

bicarbonate

Question 39

This substance is used to produce shells and other body parts by organisms such as coral, clams, oysters, some protozoa, and some algae.

Answer 39

calcium carbonate

Question 40

After long periods of time, these deposits are physically and chemically altered into sedimentary rocks

Answer 40

carbonate deposits in the ocean floor

Question 41

is stored in the lithosphere in both inorganic and organic forms.

Answer 41

carbon

Question 42

include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, oil shale, and carbonate-based sedimentary deposits like limestone. what kind of carbon deposit

Answer 42

inorganic

Question 43

forms of carbon in the lithosphere include litter, organic matter, and humic substances found in soils.

Answer 43

organic

Question 44

is released from the interior of the lithosphere by volcanoes.

Answer 44

carbon dioxide

Question 45

s essential for many biological processes; and is crucial for any life here on Earth. It is in all amino acids, is incorporated into proteins, and is present in the bases that make up nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.

Answer 45

nitrogen

Question 46

In plants, much of the nitrogen is used in ____

Answer 46

chlorophyll

Question 47

study the nitrogen cycle

Answer 47

+1

Question 48

conversion of ___ rom the atmosphere into a form readily available to plants and hence to animals and humans is an important step in the nitrogen cycle,

Answer 48

dinitrogen

Question 49

ways to convert N2 (atmospheric nitrogen gas) to more chemically reactive forms

Answer 49

biological fixation (nitrogen-fixing bacteria) combustion of fossil fuels lighting fixation

Question 50

An example of mutualistic nitrogen fixing bacteria are the, which live in legume root nodules

Answer 50

Rhizobium bacteria

Question 51

bacteria and archaea that fix gaseous nitrogen in the atmosphere into a more usable form such as ammonia

Answer 51

diazotrophs

Question 52

example of free living bacteria

Answer 52

azotobacter

Question 53

automobile engines and thermal power plants, which release NOx.

Answer 53

combustion of fossil fuels

Question 54

The high temperatures and pressures associated with lightning lead to the chemical bonding of

Answer 54

atmospheric nitrogen oxygen

Question 55

colourless toxic gas that is formed by the oxidation of nitrogen

Answer 55

nitric oxide

Question 56

can absorb nitrate or ammonium ions from the soil via their root hairs.

Answer 56

plants

Question 57

If nitrate is absorbed, it is first reduced to ____ ions and then ____ ions for incorporation into amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll

Answer 57

nitrite ammonium

Question 58

the absorption and digestion of food or nutrients by the body or any biological system.

Answer 58

assimilation

Question 59

In plants which have a mutualistic relationship with rhizobia, some nitrogen is assimilated in the form of ammonium ions directly from the

Answer 59

nodules

Question 60

Animals, fungi, and other heterotrophic organisms absorb nitrogen as what macromolecule

Answer 60

amino acids and nucleotides

Question 61

When a plant or animal dies, or an animal excretes, the initial form of nitrogen is organic. Bacteria, or in some cases, fungi, convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonia

Answer 61

ammonification

Question 62

The conversion of ammonia to nitrates

Answer 62

nitrification

Question 63

nitrification is performed primarily by what bacteria

Answer 63

soil-living and other nitrifying bacteria

Question 64

The primary stage of nitrification is what

Answer 64

oxidation of ammonia

Question 65

performs the oxidation of ammonia

Answer 65

nitrosomonas species

Question 66

converts ammonia to nitrites

Answer 66

nitrosomonas species

Question 67

bacterial species responsible for the oxidation of nitrites into nitrates

Answer 67

nitrobacter

Question 68

the process of water being absorbed into the ground.

Answer 68

infiltration

Question 69

the movement of water through the soil itself.

Answer 69

percolation

Question 70

is the reduction of nitrites back into the largely inert nitrogen gas (N2), completing the nitrogen cycle

Answer 70

denitrification

Question 71

performed by bacterial species such as the Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic conditions

Answer 71

denitrification

Question 72

use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration. These facultatively anaerobic bacteria can also live in aerobic conditions.

Answer 72

pseudomonas clostridium

Question 73

is a component of nucleotide, which serve as energy storage within cells (ATP) when linked together

Answer 73

phosphorus

Question 74

is also found in bones, whose strength is derived from calcium phosphate, and in phospholipids (found in all biological membranes)

Answer 74

phosphorus

Question 75

study the phosphorus cycle

Answer 75

+1

Question 76

where phosphorus cycle begin

Answer 76

rocks

Question 77

When it rains, phosphates are removed from the rocks (vi

Answer 77

weathering

Question 78

the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface

Answer 78

weathering

Question 79

take up the phosphate ions from the soi

Answer 79

plants

Question 80

moves from plants to animals when herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat plants or herbivores

Answer 80

phosphates

Question 81

The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually returns to the soil through the

Answer 81

excretion of urine and feces

Question 82

is not highly soluble, binding tightly to molecules in soil, therefore it mostly reaches waters by traveling with runoff soil particles.

Answer 82

phosphorus

Question 83

also enter waterways through fertilizer runoff, sewage seepage, natural mineral deposits, and wastes from other industrial processes. T

Answer 83

phosphates

Question 84

comprises many vitamins, proteins, and hormones that play critical roles in both climate and in the health of various ecosystems.

Answer 84

sulfur

Question 85

The majority of the Earth's ___ is stored underground in rocks and minerals, including as sulfate salts buried deep within ocean sediments.

Answer 85

sulfur

Question 86

ontains both atmospheric and terrestrial processes. Within the terrestrial portion, the cycle begins with the weathering of rocks, releasing the stored

Answer 86

sulfur cycle

Question 87

The sulfur then comes into contact with air where it is converted into

Answer 87

sulfate

Question 88

is taken up by plants and microorganisms and is converted into organic forms; animals then consume these organic forms through foods they eat, thereby moving the sulfur through the food chain.

Answer 88

sulfate

Question 89

There are also a variety of natural sources that emit sulfur directly into the atmosphere (3)

Answer 89

volcanic eruptions breakdown of organic matter in swamps and tidal flats evaporation of water

Question 90

Sulfur eventually settles back into the Earth or comes down within ____

Answer 90

rainfall

Question 91

. A portion of this sulfur is emitted back into the atmosphere from

Answer 91

sea spray

Question 92

The remaining sulfur is lost to the ocean depths, combining with iron to form ____ which is responsible for the black color of most marine sediments.

Answer 92

ferrous sulfide

Question 93

gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorous, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients in an aging aquatic ecosystem

Answer 93

eutrophication

Question 94

waters are often murky and may support fewer large animals, than non-eutrophic waters

Answer 94

eutrophic waters

Question 95

any form of precipitaiton with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric/carbonic acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dy forms (rain, snow, fog, hail, or even acidic dust)

Answer 95

acid rain

Question 96

has detrimental effects on trees, freshwaters and soils, destroys insects and aquatic life-forms, causes paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and sculptures, as well as impacts on human health

Answer 96

acid rain