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Environmental Biology and Ecology > Abiotic and Biotic Factors > Flashcards

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

designed to enrich out appreciation of the world which is crucial for human well-being and prosperity

A

ecology

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2
Q

Provides new knowledge of the interdependence between people and nature that is vital for important issues such as food production, maintaining clean air and water, and sustaining biodiversity in a changing climate

A

ecology

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3
Q

study of interactions of organisms with other organisms and with the physical environment

A

ecology

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4
Q

“Each living organism has an ongoing and continual relationship with every other element that makes up its environment”

A

principle of ecology

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5
Q

the sum total of interacting living organisms and their non-living environment in an area

A

ecosystem

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6
Q

ecology and this are related because ecological interactions are natural selection pressures that have long-term effects

A

evolution

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7
Q

ECOLOGICAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

A

Ecosphere
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism

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8
Q

summation of all biospheres (ecosystems) worldwide

A

ecosphere

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9
Q

community of organisms and populations interacting with one another and with the abiotic factor making up their environment

A

ecosystem

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10
Q

populations of different plants and animals living and interacting in an area at a particular time

A

community

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11
Q

group of organisms of the same species living within a particular area

A

population

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12
Q

any form of life which includes plants and animals

A

organism

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13
Q

Abiotic factors include:

A

wind
sunlight
soil
temperature
atmosphere
water

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14
Q

means house or home, Greek word for ecology

A

oikos

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15
Q

means to study

A

logos

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16
Q

– coined the term ecology

A

Ernst Haeckel

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17
Q

Defined ecology as “the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature, the investigation of the total relations of the animal to its inorganic and organic environment

A

Ernst Haeckel

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18
Q

study of the house or the place we have lived

A

Ecology

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19
Q

focuses on how an individual organism interacts or response to abiotic environment

A

Autecology

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20
Q

deals with interactions among populations or communities

A

Synecology

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21
Q

interdisciplinary field that incorporates concept from natural sciences and social sciences (e.g. politics, economics, and ethics)

A

environmental science

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22
Q

Interactions can be:

A

biotic to biotic
biotic to abiotic
abiotic to abiotic

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23
Q

may observe or examine the factors affecting marine population, an environmental scientist might develop a method or a product that would lessen population

A

ecologist

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24
Q

examines interactions between a population and environment

A

population ecology

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25
Q

includes organisms of belonging to same species occupying same place at a given time

A

population

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26
Q

deals with interactions among populations of all species living in a certain area which makes up a community

A

community ecology

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27
Q

focuses on the interactions among all biotic and abiotic components of the system

A

ecosystem ecology

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28
Q

comprises the community and its physical environment

A

ecosystem

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29
Q

has developed a number of sub disciplines that focus on specialized areas in science

A

modern ecology

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30
Q

– refers to which an organism’s ecology may affect its heredity

A

genetic ecology

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31
Q

which ideals with mathematical modeling of interactions among components of an ecosystem

A

systems ecology

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32
Q

focuses on spatial distribution or patterns in the environment

A

landscape ecology

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33
Q

include the physical (e.g. topography, altitude, transparency) and chemical environment (e.g. salinity, amount of nutrients, pH)

A

abiotic factors

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34
Q

can be geographical/natural or man-made (outer -physical, inner-social)

A

abiotic factors

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35
Q

Can be classified as either a resource or a condition

A

abiotic factor

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36
Q

abiotic factor that can be consumed (e.g. air, water, and inorganic nutrients)

A

resource

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37
Q

– those which may be experienced and affects biotic components (e.g. temperature and pH)

A

conditions

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38
Q

can be considered both a resource and condition (resource – used for photosynthesis and a condition since its presence and absence can affect the behavior of animals)

A

light

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39
Q

major source of energy and natural light from Earth

A

sun

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40
Q

travels in the form of waves, it is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength perceived by humans as the color of the light (visible light) or non-visible light such as: X-rays, gamma rays ultraviolet light, microwaves, and
radio waves

A

light

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41
Q

can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted

A

light

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42
Q

how much light is reflected in plants

A

6-12

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43
Q

how much light is transmitted

A

10-20%

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44
Q

how much light is absorbed in aquatic

A

90 percent

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45
Q

visible portion of solar radiation needed for photosynthesis with a wavelength of 400 to 700 nanometer (nm)

A

photosynthetically active radiation

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46
Q

is not 100% reaching the Earth’s surface (about 51% of the solar energy traveling to Earth makes it through the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface)

A

solar radiation

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47
Q

scatter the solar radiation, and reflects it back to space

A

cloud and atmosphere

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48
Q

is filtered or absorbed by the ozone layer situated in the stratosphere

A

ultraviolet rays

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49
Q

process of food production in plants thereby considered as one of the most important process on earth

A

photosynthesis

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50
Q

forms visual color allowing vision and main source of energy and affects global temperature

A

photosynthesis

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51
Q

region in the earth that receives the highest amount of solar radiation thereby resulting to high temperature as compared to polar regions

A

tropical

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52
Q

the innate activity and inactivity of organisms in response to light is characteristics of all organisms
except bacteria

A

circadian rhythms

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53
Q

means about

A

circa

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54
Q

means day

A

dies

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55
Q

those who are active during night time

A

nocturnal organisms

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56
Q

those active during day time

A

diurnal organisms

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57
Q
  • when the duration of light (dark) reaches a certain portion of 24-hour day, it inhibits or promotes what
A

photoperiodic response

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58
Q

are those whose reproductive or other seasonal activity is stimulated by daylengths shorter than their critical day length.

A

short day organisms

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59
Q

Ber months, longer nights

A

short day organisms

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60
Q

they are not being controlled by day length

A

day neutral

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61
Q

are those whose seasonal responses such as flowering and reproduction, are stimulated by daylengths longer than the critical day length.

A

long day organisms

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62
Q

Observed during summer months (watermelon, mangoes

A

long day organisms

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63
Q

evaporation of water from the leaves of the plant (stomatal movement to reduce evaporation movement)

A

transpiration

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64
Q

-refers to the covering of land which is composed of minerals, organic material, gases, living organisms, air, and water which supports plant growth

A

soil

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65
Q

Five factors that influence soil formation

A

parent material
climate
biotic factors
topography
time

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66
Q

refers to the mass of rock in which soil maybe formed

A

parent material

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67
Q

Can be igneous rock, sedimentary rock, or metamorphic rock

A

parent material

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68
Q

rock that come from volcanoes

A

igneous rocks

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69
Q

rock that – come from deposition of minerals or sediments

A

sedimentary rock

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70
Q

may come from decay of plants and animals, or even from shells in the ocean floor

A

sediments

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71
Q

either igneous or sedimentary rock which have been altered by heat or pressure

A

metamorphic rock

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72
Q

which include factors such as temperature and rainfall may affect the formation of soil

A

climate

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73
Q

refers to the long term weather condition of an area

A

climate

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74
Q

It may affect the plant and animal life as well as the rate of weathering and decomposition

A

climate

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75
Q

include all organism from microscopic e.g. bacteria and fungi to huge plants and animals

A

biotic factors

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76
Q

aids in the decomposition or breaking down of organic materials to inorganic matter thereby bringing back the nutrients to the soil

A

bacteria and fungi

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77
Q

refers to the contour of the land which may affect the holding capacity of water in the soil and weathering process

A

topography

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78
Q

is being done in steep slopes to avoid soil erosion and preventing loss of water.

A

terracing

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79
Q

is very important factor that affects soil formation. It takes several years for the soil to be formed especially in a barren area in which weathering (breaking down of rocks process) should take place to release the mineral tied up in the rocks.

A

time

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80
Q

Usually young soils are more fertile than old soils because of long- time leaching of nutrients which are not being replaced by fresh materials

A

time

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81
Q

has several properties which include color, texture, and structure

A

soil

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82
Q

can be used as a basis for its identification, as it may indicate the content of the soil

A

soil color

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83
Q

color of soil that may indicate fertility or high organic content due to carbon

A

brownish to black

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84
Q

decomposed organic materials that have high organic content due to carbon

A

hummus

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85
Q

indicate the presence of iron

A

reddish soil

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86
Q

– indicate presence of quartz or carbonates of calcium and magnesium

A

white and grey soil

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87
Q

refers to the proportion of each soil particles which is based on the size.

A

soil texture

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88
Q

Soil particles are divided into four:

A

clay
sand
silt
gravel

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89
Q

soil particle measuring 2.0mm

A

gravel

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90
Q

soil particle measuring 0.05 to 2.00 mm

A

sand

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91
Q

soil particle measuring 0.002 to 0.05

A

silt

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92
Q

soil particle measuring smaller than 0.002mm

A

clay

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93
Q

out of the four soil particles, this can hold more water than gravel

A

clay

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94
Q

can move in large particles than in small particles such as clay

A

air

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95
Q

possesses large pore spaces that favor rapid water infiltration, percolation and drainage.

A

coarse textured soil

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96
Q

soils containing almost equal mixture of clay, silt sand and humus and is the ideal for planting

A

loam

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97
Q

refers to the manner in which soil particles are being clumped

A

soil structure

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98
Q

are not attached to one another resulting to a granular structure.

A

sandy particles

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99
Q

particles that stick to one another

A

clay particles

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100
Q

characteristic of good soil which means that it crumbles because it has spaces for air and water.

A

friable

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101
Q

Soil profile refers to the horizontal layers in the soil

A

soil profile

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102
Q

each layer of the soil profile is known as

A

horizon

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103
Q

uppermost layer, organic layer because it contains organic matter

A

o layer

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104
Q

Where loose leaves, twigs, and undecomposed materials or litters are found

A

o layer

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105
Q

Usually brown or black in color

which layer

A

o layer

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106
Q

– top soil, lies beneath the O layer, which is also known as the topsoil

A

a layer

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107
Q

Usually topsoil is darker in color and looser than other layers because of the humus and or decomposed organic matter and some inorganic mineral particles

A

a layer

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108
Q

Most of the living organisms and nutrients are found in A layer

A

a layer

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109
Q

layer where minerals and humus are found

A

a layer

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110
Q

transport of dissolved organic matter and minerals to lower layers

A

leaching

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111
Q

where leeching process takes place

A

e layer

112
Q

also known as subsoil, contains less organic materials and fewer organisms as compared to A layer

A

b layer

113
Q

Where minerals are usually deposited

A

b layer

114
Q

consist of weathered plant material, incomplete fragments of rocks

A

c layer

115
Q

referred to as bedrock

A

r layer

116
Q

soil produced from weathering

A

residual soil

117
Q

transported soil can be (4)

A

alluvial
colluvial
glacial
eolian

118
Q

deposited by river flow

A

alluvial soil

119
Q

deposited by gravity or landslide

A

colluvial soil

120
Q

deposited by glaciers

A

glacial soil

121
Q

through both erosion and deposition of sediment

A

eolian soil

122
Q

space diameters up to 20um – capillary pores

A

micropores

123
Q

space diameter up to 20-50um (non capillary pores)

A

macropores

124
Q

refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of an object which is measured using thermometer. It refers to the measure of the average speed or kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules of the substance

A

temperature

125
Q

means faster average speed

A

higher temperature

126
Q

slow speed

A

lower temperature

127
Q

is the energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of the temperature difference between the objects.

A

heat

128
Q

Importance of temperature:

A

1.Regulate the metabolism, morphology, and physical activities of plants and animals
2.Interacts with other environmental factors such as altitude
3.Affects the distribution of plants and animals
4.Source of thermal or heat energy

129
Q

Four categories of plants on the basis of their heat tolerating capacity

A

megatherms
mesoderms
microtherm
hekistotherm

130
Q

plants growing in regions where high temperatures prevail throughout the year, e.g., desert vegetation and tropical rain forests,

A

megatherms

131
Q

Refer to tropics with long period of seasons

A

megatherms

132
Q

plants of the regions where high temperature alternating with low temperature, e.g., tropical deciduous forests and aquatic plants

A

mesotherms

133
Q

Temperate countries with alternating high and low temperature

A

mesotherms

134
Q

plants of the regions where low temperature prevail throughout the year, e.g., mixed coniferous forests,

A

microtherm

135
Q

plants growing in regions with very low temperature, e.g., alpine vegetation

A

hekistotherms

136
Q

or warm-blooded animals capable of maintaining a nearly constant body temperature irrespective of the temperature of the environment. They can regulate and maintain a constant internal temperature just like humans

A

homeotherms

137
Q

or cold –blooded animals cannot regulate their internal body temperature according to that of the changing environment are having difficulty to survive the extreme temperature conditions. Examples include reptiles and fish.

A

poikilotherms

138
Q

gain heat from the external source

A

ectothermic animals

139
Q

animals absorb heat from their metabolism

A

endothermic animals

140
Q

regulate their body temperature as per the surroundings

A

endothermic animals

141
Q

microorganisms that can tolerate 40-90c

A

thermophiles

142
Q

microorganisms that can tolerate 10-45c

A

mesophiles

143
Q

microorganissm that can tolerate -5-40c

A

psychrophiles

144
Q

optimum conditions and are adapted to bright and fairly dry climates (e.g. corn and sugarcane)

what type of photosynthesis

A

c4

145
Q

type of photosynthesis for cool, moist, and shady plants

A

C3

146
Q

very dry environment (e.g. cacti)

kind of photosythesis

A

CAM

147
Q

one of the most important resource for survival. About 75% of the earth surface is covered with this

A

water

148
Q

Consist of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen which are bonded together covalently

A

water

149
Q

It is known as the “universal solvent”, which means can almost dissolved anything and thereby a good transporting medium

A

water

150
Q

It is also in a liquid state at over wide temperature range.
➢It exist in any of the three phases which are solid, liquid and gas
➢Has high specific heat
➢75% of the earth’s surface
➢97% marine water
➢2% solid water in glaciers and snow
➢>1% liquid water in lakes, rivers, and streams

A

water

151
Q

Ecological types of water: (4)

A

atmospheric water
precipitation
soil water
bodies of water

152
Q

water on the surface and ground (water table

A

soil water

153
Q

efers to number of calories required to raise 1 gram of water at 1oC

A

specific heat

154
Q

water has high levels of this because In order for a 1 gram of solid ice to melt and convert to liquid state, about 80 calories of heat must be absorbed

A

latent heat

155
Q

which is the conversion of liquid water to gaseous state or vapor. It requires 536 calories to convert 1 gram of water at 100oC into vapor. The evaporation of water off a surface causes a cooling effect just like humans in which during
sweating, the water evaporates off the surface of the skin and cools down the surface

A

high latent heat of vaporization

156
Q

is the resistance of a liquid to flow, it is the source of frictional resistance for objects to move on water

A

viscosity

157
Q

enables it to support small animals such as water strider and water spiders

A

high surface tension of water

158
Q

less dense than water because of the hydrogen bonds being spaced out and being relatively apart

A

ice

159
Q

Based on water requirements, plants may be classified as: (4)

A

xerophytes
mesophytes
hydrophytes
halophytes

160
Q

grow on areas with little amount of water

A

xerophytes

161
Q

grown on areas with moderate amount of water

A

mesophytes

162
Q

more than enough requirement of water

A

hydrophytes

163
Q

tolerate high presence of salts

A

halophytes

164
Q

amount of water in a given volume of the air

A

absolute humidity

165
Q

amount of water volume in the air expressed as percentage of saturation vapor pressure

A

relative humidity

166
Q

in this, the relative humidity is 100 percent

A

saturation vapor pressure

167
Q

moisture in form of water vapor

A

humidity

168
Q

colorless mixture of gases in the earth’s atmosphere

A

air

169
Q

refers to the horizontal or vertical movement of air or gases on the surface of the ground. It is formed due to uneven heating of land and water causing vertical movement of gases

A

wind

170
Q

Serve as a medium for the transport of materials (e.g. pollination, cloud transport, rainfall

A

wind

171
Q

expressed in kilometers per hour

A

wind speed

172
Q

40-60kph kind of wind

A

strong breeze

173
Q

60-90kph kind of wind

A

gales (strong wind)

174
Q

90-120kph kind of wind

A

storms

175
Q

> 120kph

kind of iwn

A

hurricane

176
Q

Wind depends on factors such as: (4)

A

topography
vegetation masses
position of seashore
major wind path

177
Q

refers to the physical geography of the surface of the earth caused by the movement of the solid portion of the earth

A

topography

178
Q

refers to the shape, height, and depth of the land surface in a place or region. Physical features that make up the topography of an area include mountains, valleys, plains, and bodies of water

A

topography

179
Q

movement of the solid portion of the earth

A

diastrophism

180
Q

movement of the solid portion of the earth

A

slope

181
Q

makes use of elevation contour lines to show the shape of the Earth’s surface

A

topographic map

182
Q

are imaginary lines connecting points having the same elevation on the surface of the land above or below a reference surface, which is usually mean sea level.

A

elevation countours

183
Q

line connecting places of equal elevation

A

contour line

184
Q

edge of the forest at high altitude or latitude beyond which no tree can grow

A

tree line

185
Q

is a product of chemical reaction termed as combustion

A

fire

186
Q

At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the what, flames are produced. In order for combustion to occur and flames to form, three things must be present: fuel, oxygen, and energy (usually in the form of heat

A

ignition point

187
Q

s consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, and nitrogen.

A

flame

188
Q

may either be naturally produced (e.g. lightning) or anthropogenic or produced by human activities

A

flame

189
Q

most common type which feeds on the litter layer

A

surface fire

190
Q

Kill herbaceous leaves and plants

A

surface fire

191
Q

sweeps through the canopy of the forest and kills most above ground vegetation

A

crown fire

192
Q

affects organic matter down to mineral substrates

A

ground fire

193
Q

can cause removal of competition of surviving plants, pests, parasitism and diseases, increases light intensity , modifies the pH, elements and organic materials of the soil and controls the weeds, and maintains the grassland.

A

fire

194
Q

presence of both abiotic and biotic factors concretize this need that brings about the concept of interactions

A

interdependence

195
Q

what the organism does

A

niche

196
Q

classified according to how they get their food

A

biotic components

197
Q

produce their own organic nutrients for themselves and other members of the community

A

autotrophs

198
Q

could be classified as chemoautotrophs (bacteria) or photoautotrophs

A

producers

199
Q

those obtaining energy from chemicals to produce carbohydrates

A

chemoautotrophs

200
Q

those obtaining energy from light to produce carbohydrates

A

photoautotrophs

201
Q

process of food production in the presence of light

A

photosynthesis

202
Q

process in which organic compounds are synthesized by some bacteria using inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide or ammonia

A

chemosynthesis

203
Q

dependent on producers for their food directly or indirectly, and are the consumers

A

heterotrophs

204
Q

animals that graze directly on plants or algae and hence considered to be the primary consumer

A

heterotrophs

205
Q

feed on other animals are considered as secondary or tertiary consumers

A

carnivores

206
Q

sometimes called top predators

A

carnivores

207
Q

animals that feed both on plants and animals

A

omnivores

208
Q

feed on organic material in the soil, breaks down detritus or decaying organic matter to inorganic matter, to be used again by the producers

A

detritivores

209
Q

made up of organelles which are consist of chemical molecules in compounds of atoms

A

cell

210
Q

organisms can be single-celled organisms (unicellular) and multiple-celled organisms (unicellular

A

cell

211
Q

similar cells are grouped together to perform specific function

A

tissues

212
Q

Latin word that means “tool” or “instrument

A

organum

213
Q

similar functioning tissues forms this, functioning as one

A

organ

214
Q

consist of different organs that perform a certain physiological process which keeps the organism alive

A

organ system

215
Q

any form of life, and are usually classified according to their species

A

organism

216
Q

organisms which belong to the same species and are capable of producing fertile offspring, occupying a particular place at a time

A

population

217
Q

consisting of different populations interacting with each other, meaning of different species
occupying a certain place at a time

A

community

218
Q

communities interacting with the abiotic or non-living components makes this up

A

ecosystem

219
Q

various ecosystems tend to exist at a geographical area and being influence by temperature, precipitation, or climate forming the next hierarchy

A

biome

220
Q

means life

A

bios

221
Q

means life

A

sphaira

222
Q

sum of all ecosystems on Earth, can also be called ecosphere

A

biosphere

223
Q

biological relationships occurring between individual of same species

A

intraspecific

224
Q

biological relationships occurring between different species

A

interspecific

225
Q

may be positive or negative, or beneficial or harmful to one and neutral for the other

A

interspecific interactions

226
Q

means “living together”, refers to interactions in which there is a close relationships between members of two populations, this includes parasitism, commensalisms, and mutualism type of relationships

A

symbiosis

227
Q

interaction in which individuals of one species (parasite) benefit in terms of growth and reproduction to the harm of the other species (host)

A

parasitism

228
Q

Examples are tapeworm (parasite) and cow or pig (hosts), mites and dog, even lichens (fungi and green algae)

A

parasitism

229
Q

one species is benefitted, and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted

A

commensalism

230
Q

Examples are sucker fish and shark, crane and carabao

A

commensalism

231
Q

both species benefit in terms of growth and reproduction

A

mutualism

232
Q

Examples include termites and gut protists, acacia trees and ants

A

mutualism

233
Q

type of ecological interaction where both the species involved in the interaction are benefitted, but the interaction is not obligatory for survival

A

protocooperation

234
Q

one species (predator) uses the other (prey) as a food source

A

predation

235
Q

Act of killing the prey by the predator, and no selection process because the victim is usually the weakest among the group

A

predation

236
Q

include fleeing, hiding, self-defense, and mobbing

A

behavioral defense

237
Q

include odors and toxins against predators

A

chemical defense

238
Q

indicated by warning colors, and is sometimes associated with other defenses (toxins)

A

aposematic coloration

239
Q

refers to the use of a combination of materials or coloration that makes an animal blend in with its environment, making it difficult for the predator to see

A

camouflage

240
Q

Includes cryptic coloration, deceptive markings

A

camouflage

241
Q

is the resemblance of an organism to the other organisms in appearance or behavior to protect itself from predation

A

mimicry

242
Q

two types of mimicry

A

mullerian mimicry
batesian mimicry

243
Q

two harmful species mimic each other as survival technique

A

mullerian mimicry

244
Q

harmless species mimics the appearance of a harmful or noxious species

A

batesian mimicry

245
Q

armadillos and clams have these protective structures to avoid predators

A

shells or armor coats

246
Q

have modified hair to discourage predators

A

porcupines

247
Q

have alarm calls that is considered as behavioral defenses

A

birds

248
Q

have different ways of hunting such as through ambush, stalking, and pursuit

A

predator

249
Q

type of hunting among crocodiles and lizards which they wait for prey to come along

A

ambush

250
Q

quick attack seen in cats and herons

A

stalking

251
Q

common to lions, wolves, hawks which involves minimal search time because the predator knows
where the prey are located and pursuit time is great

A

pursuit hunting

252
Q

one species (grazer) use part of the other as food

A

grazing relationship

253
Q

There is a selective process among different species on which will be used as food only a partial will be consumed

A

grazing relationship

254
Q

Include ruminants and grasses, female mosquito and human

A

grazing relationship

255
Q

interaction between two species over a limited resource negatively affecting the population growth rates

A

comeptition

256
Q

➢
May result to the exclusion of one population
➢
Has an evolutionary effect since the process of natural selection is based on the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce

A

competition

257
Q

favorable to both but not obligatory

A

protocooperation

258
Q

also known as Gause’s law, is a proposition that two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist at a constant population values

A

Competitive Exclusion Principle

259
Q

not only outcome as coexistence can occur

A

elimination

260
Q

principle of Gause’s law

A

complete competitors cannot coexist

261
Q

competition promotes this

A

natural selection

262
Q

can be seen along the food chain, is a “who eat whom”

A

nutritional relationships

263
Q

represent single path of sequence of organisms that form links

A

food chain

264
Q

complex trophic feeding relationships that exist in nature those organisms in an ecosystem
that are the same number of food chain steps from energy input into the system

A

food webs

265
Q

feeding level of one or more populations in a food web

A

trophic level

266
Q

shows this trophic structure of an ecosystem as a graph representing biomass, organism number, or energy content of each trophic level in a foodweb

A

ecological pyramid

267
Q

located in the first trophic level

A

primary producers

268
Q

located in the second trophic level

A

primary consumers

269
Q

located in the third trophic level

A

secondary consumers

270
Q

dependent upon solar energy flow and finite pools of nutrients

A

ecosystems

271
Q

can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be changed from one form of energy to another

A

first law of thermodynamics

272
Q

states when energy is transformed from one form to another, there is always some loss of energy from the system, usually as low grade heat

A

second law of thermodynamics

273
Q

rule where the amount of energy from one level to the next is reduced by a magnitude of 10

A

10% rule

274
Q

prime motivation that brings about interactions

A

interdependce among organisms

275
Q
A

Environmental Biology and Ecology (15 decks)

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