Communication Flashcards
communication
the process of forming and transmitting a message to a receiver who interprets that message and, in most cases, transmits a message back to the original sender, repeating the process
compensation
a defense mechanism in which a person overemphasizes certain behaviors to accommodate for real or imagined weaknesses
culture
customary beliefs, traits, social forms, and behaviors associated with a religious, ethnic, or other group
decoding
receiving and interpreting a message
defense mechanism
psychological behaviors that protect a person from guilt and shame
denial
a defense mechanism in which a person refuses to accept unwanted information or unpleasant circumstances
diplomacy
the art of handling people with tact and genuine concern
displacement
a defense mechanism in which a person transfers negative feelings, sometimes hostility, to something or someone unrelated to a negative situation
encoding
forming and sending a message
feedback
paraphrasing, mirroring, repeating, or restating to ensure understanding
introjection
a defense mechanism in which a person identifies and assumes characteristics or feelings of another
Maslow’s hierarchy
a progression of a person’s needs from basic survival to reaching one’s pinnacle, or self actualization identified by Abraham Maslow
nonverbal communication
using body language and other nonwritten or nonoral methods; nonverbal communication may be formal or informal , opened or closed
paraphrasing
using different words to assure understanding of what the speaker said
prejudice
holding a negative or positive opinion or bias regarding an individual because of his or her affiliation with a specific group
projection
a defense mechanism in which a person places blame or accuses another for actions or feelings committed by himself or herself
rationalization
justifying thoughts or actions whether right or wrong
regression
a defense mechanism in which a person escapes an unpleasantness by returning to an earlier stage or behavior in life
repression
a defense mechanism in which a person deals with a difficult situation by true temporary amnesia
stages of death and dying
articulated by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, a progression of feelings and behaviors that patients, families, and close friends experience when death is imminent or has occurred; these behaviors include; denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
stereotyping
believing that all members of a culture, subculture, or group are the same
sublimation
a defense mechanism in which a person redirects unacceptable thoughts or behaviors to acceptable ones
suppression
a defense mechanism in which a person purposefully forgets an unpleasant situation or avoids dealing with it
Erikson’s theory
Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.
Trust vs Mistrust
(Erikson’s theory) first stage of psychosocial development. This stage begins at birth and goes to approx. 18mo of age (1.5). Infant is uncertain of the world and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency. Success will lead to virtue of hope, failure will lead to mistrust and anxiety
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
(Erikson’s theory) second stage of psychosocial development. This stage takes place between 18mo (1.5) to approx. 3 years. Children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success in this stage will lead to virtue of will. If children in this stage are supported in their increased independence they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. If children are criticized, overly controlled or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they feel inadequate in their ability to survive, may become overly dependent on others, lack self esteem, and feel shame or doubt in their abilities. Children may start putting on clothes themselves and deciding what to eat and wear etc
Initiative vs Guilt
(Erikson’s theory) third stage of psychosocial development. Age 3-5. Children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction. Children regularly interacting and playing with other children, provides children the opportunity to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities. Children may plan activities, make up games and feel secure leading others. If children are criticized or controlled, they develop a sense of guilt and may be slow to interact with others. At this stage children will ask questions and grow knowledge. A healthy balance will lead to virtue of purpose, where failure results in guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
(Erikson’s theory) fourth stage of psychosocial crisis. Ages 5-12. involving industry (competence) vs inferiority. Children will be learning how to read and write, to do sums, and do things on their own. Teachers take an important role. Child’s friends(friend groups) will be more significant and impact self esteem. The child will feel the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society. This will develop a sense of pride in the child’s accomplishments. If children are encouraged they will feel competent and confident. If they are restricted and not encouraged they may feel discouraged, doubt their own abilities, and not reach their full potential. If a child cannot develop a skill they feel society is demanding they may develop inferiority. A balance of failure is necessary for modesty. Success in this stage will lead to virtue of competence
Identity vs Role Confusion
(Erikson’s theory) 5th stage of psychosocial development, occurs during adolescence (12-18yrs), adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals. Transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look more into the future in terms of careers, relationships, families, housing etc. The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in. This is a major stage where they learn what roles they will occupy as an adult. They will reexamine their identity to find out exactly who they are/what they want. They may feel uncomfortable about their body until they can adapt and grow into the changes. Success in this stage will lead to virtue of fidelity (commit to one self, accept other’s differences. Pressuring someone into an identity can result in rebellion and a negative identity and unhappiness.
Intimacy vs Isolation
(Erikson’s theory) 6th stage of psychosocial development (ages 18-40). During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Sharing yourself more intimately with other people. We explore long-term commitments with people other than family. Success in this stage will result in happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Avoiding these can lead to isolation, loneliness, and depression. Success in this stage will lead to virtue of love
Generativity vs Stagnation
(Erikson’s theory) 7th stage of psychosocial development (ages 40-65). Through generativity we we develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. We raise our children, be productive at work, and be involved in community activities and organizations. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, failure results in shallow involvement in the world. By failing to find a way to contribute we feel stagnant and unproductive. Success will lead to virtue of care
Ego Integrity vs Despair
(Erikson’s theory)8th stage of psychosocial development (age 65-death) Contemplate of accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves leading a successful life. Individuals who reflect and regret not achieving their goals will experience bitterness and despair and experience depression and hopelessness. Productiveness slows down and we explore retirement. Success in this stage will lead to virtue of wisdom (looking back on life with a sense of closure and completeness, and also accept death without fear) Wise people experience both ego integrity and despair as alternating states that need to be balanced.
Human Growth and Development - Milestones - Birth to one year
able to drink from a cup, able to sit alone without support, babbles, displays social smile, gets first tooth. plays peek a boo, pulls self to standing position, rolls over by self, says mama and dada appropriately, understands “no” and will stop, walks while holding onto furniture or other support
Human Growth and Development - Milestones - 1 to 3 years
able to feed self neatly. able to draw a line (when shown), able to run/pivot/ walk backwards, able to say first and last name, able to walk up and down stairs, begins pedaling tricycle, can name pictures of common objects and point to body parts, dresses self with only a little bit of help, imitates words, learns to share toys, learns to take turns, masters walking, knows colors, recognizes difference between male and female, uses words and understands commands, uses spoon to feed self
Human Growth and Development - Milestones - Preschool/ 3-6 years
able to draw circle and square, able to draw stick figures with two to three features, able to skip, balances, may ride bicycle, recognize written words, reading skills start, catches a bounced ball, enjoys independence, enjoys rhymes and word play, hops on one foot. rides tricycle well, start school, understands size and time concepts
Human Growth and Development - Milestones - School-age 6-12years
gaining skills for team sports, losing baby teeth and getting permanent teeth, growth of armpit and pubic hair, breast development, menarche may occur in girls, importance in peer recognition, reading skills develop further, routines important for daytime activity, understands and is able to follow several directions in a row
Human Growth and Development - Milestones - Adolescence (12-18yrs)
adult height weight and sexual maturity, Boys show growth of armpit chest and pubic hair voice changes and testicles/penis enlarge, Girls show growth of armpit and pubic hair breasts develop menstrual periods start, peer acceptance and recognition is important, able to understand abstract concepts
