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Cma Exam > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

abduction

A

moving away from the body midline (the opposite of adduction) (ex. spreading the arms)

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2
Q

abortion

A

termination of pregnancy before viability; my be spontaneous (naturally occurring) or medically/surgically induced

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3
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

decreased immunity resulting from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), leaving victim susceptible to opportunistic diseases

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4
Q

acromegaly

A

overproduction of the growth hormone after puberty, resulting in wide, large face, hands, and feet

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5
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules from area of lower to area of higher concentration

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6
Q

Addison Disease

A

hyposecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, resulting in muscle atrophy, tissue weakness, and skin pigmentation

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7
Q

adduction

A

moving toward the body midline (opposite site of abduction) (ex bringing arms to the sides)

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8
Q

adrenal glands

A

endocrine glands located on top of each kidney

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9
Q

alveoli (singular alveolus)

A

air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles where the exchange of gases occurs

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10
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

degenerative disorder of the brain beginning with dementialike symptoms and progressing to a non functioning of neuron fibers that prevents communication between cells for ordinary tasks (such as swallowing) which results in death

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11
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstrual flow

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12
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

progressive disease of the motor neurons, causing muscle atrophy and weakness; also known as Lou Gehrig Disease

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13
Q

anabolism

A

phase of metabolism in which cells are built or repaired

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14
Q

anaphase

A

third phase of mitosis; duplicated chromosomes separate, and one of each begins to move toward opposite centrioles or poles

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15
Q

anatomy

A

the study of body structure

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16
Q

anemia

A

abnormally low hemoglobin or red blood cells, decreasing oxygen supply to the tissues; many causes and types; the main symptoms are fatigue and weakness

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17
Q

aneurysm

A

congenital or traumatic weakness of the vessel wall demonstrated by a “bubble” or outpouching caused by pressure of blood; an abdominal aortic aneurysm is also called AAA

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18
Q

angina pectoris

A

severe constricting chest pain from lack of blood supply to the heart; associated with coronary heart disease

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19
Q

anorexia

A

diminished appetite and aversion to food

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20
Q

antepartum

A

time before delivery

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21
Q

anterior

A

in front (ventral)

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22
Q

antibody

A

a substance produced in the body in response to the presence of an antigen

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23
Q

antigen

A

a substance (bacteria/virus) that causes the formation of antibodies

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24
Q

anus

A

the final portion of the digestive tract, where feces are excreted

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25
Q

aorta

A

the largest body artery, consists of three parts: ascending, aortic arch, and descending

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26
Q

aponeurosis

A

broad sheet of muscle fibers attaching muscle to muscle or muscle to skeletal bones, such as the skull

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27
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities and the girdle attaching them to the axial skeleton

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28
Q

arrhythmias

A

abnormal heart rhythms

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29
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries and loss of elasticity resulting from thickening of the vessel wall

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30
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints

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31
Q

asthma

A

an episode chronic respiratory disorder resulting from constricted bronchi; associated with allergens, infection, pollutants, cold air, exercise, or stress; characterized by wheezing and low oxygen levels

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32
Q

astigmatism

A

impaired vision resulting from irregular curve of cornea

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33
Q

atelectasis

A

a decrease or absence of air in part or all of the lung and alveoli, resulting in a collapse of these structures

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34
Q

atherosclerosis

A

the most common form of arteriosclerosis; irregular fatty deposits on arterial wall result in narrowing and occlusion of vessel

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35
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

located at the lower right of the atrial septum, it picks up the impulse or signal from the sinoatrial (SA) node that causes atrial contraction

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36
Q

axial skeleton

A

consists of the bones of the skull, spine, and chest

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37
Q

Bell palsy

A

unilateral facial muscle paralysis (drooping of eye and mouth) resulting from dysfunction of the seventh cranial nerve

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38
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate

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39
Q

bile

A

a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that aids in digestion and fat absorption

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40
Q

body

A

organism; a group of systems working together to maintain life

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41
Q

body cavities

A

spaces within the body that house internal organs

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42
Q

botulism

A

serious food poisoning; usually found in contaminated canned foods, caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria

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43
Q

brain

A

an organ acting as the primary center for regulating and coordinating body functions and activities

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44
Q

bronchi (singular bronchus)

A

tubes from trachea entering the lungs that subdivide into two more branches in the lungs

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45
Q

bronchioles

A

smaller branches of the bronchi

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46
Q

bronchitis

A

chronic or acute inflammation of the bronchi

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47
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging

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48
Q

bundle branches

A

two branches extending from the bundle of His in the heart that carry the electrical impulse down the ventricular septum

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49
Q

bundle of His

A

specialized cells in the cardiac ventricular septum that carry the electrical impulse from the atrioventricular (AV) node; should the sinoatrial and AV nodes fail, the bundle of His may initiate the impulse

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50
Q

cardiovascular system

A

the body system containing the heart and blood vessels to circulate blood, transport nutrients, and remove waste from tissues

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51
Q

carpals

A

eight wrist bones

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52
Q

cartilage

A

firm but often flexible connective tissue found primarily in joints, thorax walls, larynx, and airway passages and ears

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53
Q

catabolsim

A

the phase of metabolism in which cells are broken down

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54
Q

cataract

A

a cloudy or opaque lens that impairs sight;usually corrected by surgery

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55
Q

caudal

A

the location near the sacral region of the spinal column

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56
Q

cecum

A

the upper portion of the large intestine; contains the appendix

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57
Q

celiac disease

A

damages the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients characterized by intolerance to gluten

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58
Q

cells

A

the structural and functional units of life

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59
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

made up of the brain and spinal cord; integrates sensory information and responses

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60
Q

centriole

A

rod-shaped material in the cytoplasm that begins cell division

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61
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain”; portion of the brain involved in synergic control of skeletal muscles and coordination of voluntary muscular movements; connected to the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord by the pons

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62
Q

cerebral palsy

A

loss of mental function, sensation, or control of movement resulting from birth injury or defect

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63
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear fluid that flows through the brain and spinal cord and into the subarachnoid spaces of the meninges; it cushions and supports nervous tissue and transports nutrients and waste products from the cells

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64
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke; occlusion or hemorrhage of vessel(s) in the brain, resulting in impairment of mental functions or paralysis or both

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65
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest part of the brain, divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure

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66
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

an irregular breathing pattern of slow and shallow, then rapid and deep respirations, with pauses for 20 to 30 seconds, frequently occurs before death

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67
Q

chlamydia

A

the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

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68
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones

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69
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

a usually progressive respiratory system disorder with irreversible obstruction of air exchange in the bronchi, alveoli, and lungs; emphysema is a form of COPD

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70
Q

cilia

A

hairlike processes that trap and move foreign particles

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71
Q

circumcision

A

surgical removal of foreskin

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72
Q

circumduction

A

drawing an imaginary circle with a body structure (the arms)

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73
Q

cirrhosis

A

end-stage liver disease with interference with blood flow, resulting in jaundice, portal hypertension, and liver failure

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74
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone joining the sternum at the anterior and the scapula laterally

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75
Q

cochlea

A

snail-shaped tube in ear containing receptor for hearing

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76
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the colon

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77
Q

collagen

A

a fibrous protein found in the dermis, connective tissues, tendons, and ligaments; it is sometimes referred to as the body’s glue, providing strength and flexibility

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78
Q

Colles fracture

A

displaced fracture of the distal radius, proximal to the wrist

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79
Q

colon

A

largest portion of the large intestine; divides into four parts; ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid

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80
Q

concussion

A

mild head injury (MHI) or mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) resulting in subtle or more serious physical, cognitive, or emotional signs and symptoms

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81
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

venous and pulmonary congestion and general edema (swelling) resulting from decreased blood circulation

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82
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infection or irritation

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83
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, usually leading to myocardial ischemia (damage to tissue)

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84
Q

Cowper glands

A

two small glands located at the base of the penis that secrete lubricant during intercourse

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85
Q

cranial

A

location associated with the head

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86
Q

cretinism

A

hypothyroidism; decreased secretion of thyroxine in infants resulting in failure of physical and mental development

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87
Q

Crohn disease

A

chronic inflammatory disease of ileum or colon resulting in diarrhea, pain, weight loss, and sometimes rectal bleeding

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88
Q

croup

A

acute viral infection, usually in infants, characterized by barking cough

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89
Q

cryprochidism

A

failure of testes to descend into the scrotum

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90
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, resulting in round face, overweight, thin skin, and high blood glucose

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91
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

a genetic disorder producing abnormally thick mucous secretions that block and impair the bronchi, pancreatic and bile ducts, and intestines

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92
Q

cytoplasm

A

colloidal substance (protoplasm) found in the cell; holds other structures in place

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93
Q

dendrites

A

neuron fibers conducting impulses to the cell body

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94
Q

dermis

A

deeper layer of skin containing nerves, blood vessels, and other skin structures or appendages

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95
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

most common endocrine disorder; low production of insulin, resulting in cells retaining sugar; two types : insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes

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96
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

damage to the retina in diabetic patients from hemorrhage of vessels

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97
Q

dialysis

A

a form of osmosis that removes certain impurities from the blood (two types: peritoneal and hemodialysis)

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98
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle tissue separating thoracic and abdominal cavities that contracts and expands during respiration, allowing lungs to fill and empty air

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99
Q

diastole

A

relaxation portion of the cardiac cycle

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100
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from area of higher to lower concentration

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101
Q

digestion

A

physical and chemical processes changing food into simple nutrients to be utilized by the cells for energy and building materials and into solid waste to be eliminated from the body

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102
Q

digestive system

A

body system containing mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; the system ingests and processes food and eliminates solid waste products

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103
Q

distal

A

away from the origin of a structure

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104
Q

diverticula (singular diverticulum)

A

abnormal pouches in the walls of an organ, usually the colon

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105
Q

diverticulosis

A

diverticula of the colon

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106
Q

dorsal

A

posterior; in back

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107
Q

dorsiflexion

A

pointing the toes up

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108
Q

duodenum

A

upper portion of small intestine, separated from the stomach by the pyloric sphincter

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109
Q

dwarfism

A

decreased growth hormone, resulting in abnormally small size

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110
Q

eclampsia

A

toxemia of pregnancy, with high blood pressure, albuminuria, oliguria, seizures, and sometimes coma

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111
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

extrauterine pregnancy; implantation of fertilized ovum outside the uterus; most commonly in the ovarian tubes

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112
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

passage formed by the seminal vesicles and vas deferns allowing semen to enter the urethra

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113
Q

elimination

A

excretion of the solid waste products of digestion in the form of feces

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114
Q

embolus (plural emboli)

A

a detached thrombus or other substance occluding a vessel

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115
Q

emphysema

A

a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that impedes respiration; characterized by irreversible loss of elasticity in alveoli

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116
Q

endocardium

A

inner layer of the heart

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117
Q

endocrine system

A

body system containing glands and related structures that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream or into its own surrounding tissues

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118
Q

endometriosis

A

condition caused by endometrium tissue located outside the uterus that causes pain and, sometimes, cyst formation

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119
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of the small intestine

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120
Q

enuleation

A

removal of the eyeball

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121
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary discharge of urine

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122
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as catalysts to increase the speed of digestion

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123
Q

epicardium

A

outer layer of the heart

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124
Q

epidermis

A

surface layer of skin containing strata and melanin

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125
Q

epididymis

A

two coiled tubules on the posterior of the testes that store and carry sperm from the testes to the vas deferns

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126
Q

epiglottis

A

flaplike structure covering larynx during swallowing

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127
Q

epilepsy

A

abnormal electrical activity of the brain resulting in seizure

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128
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells (RBCs); contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen; mature cells do not have a nucleus

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129
Q

esophagus

A

tube from the pharynx to the stomach

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130
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear with throat and pharynx; equalizes pressure on tympanic membrane

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131
Q

eversion

A

turning wrists or ankles outward, away from the body (the opposite of inversion)

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132
Q

exocrine gland

A

a gland that excretes its product through a duct to an environment external to itself or into the bloodstream

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133
Q

exophthalmia

A

protrusion of the eyeballs, usually resulting from an endocrine disorder

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134
Q

expiration

A

exhalation; letting air out of the lungs

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135
Q

extension

A

bringing the limbs or phalanges toward a straight position (the opposite of flexion)

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136
Q

extracellular fluid

A

body fluid outside the cell

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137
Q

fallopian tubes

A

oviducts; canals leading from the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization of the ova by the sperm occurs

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138
Q

femur

A

thigh bone; the body’s largest, longest, and strongest bone

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139
Q

fertilization

A

impregnation of the female ovum (egg) with the male sperm

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140
Q

fetus

A

term given after the first trimester to a developing baby in the uterus

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141
Q

fibroids

A

nonmalignant tumors of the uterus

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142
Q

fibula

A

smaller lower leg bone, lateral to tibia

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143
Q

filtration

A

process of moving fluid containing dissolved particles through a membrane; an example is kidney filtration

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144
Q

flagella

A

whiplike processes on the cell surfaces; accommodate cell movement

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145
Q

flexion

A

bending (the opposite of extension), such as closing the fingers of the hand

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146
Q

fluid balance

A

the regulation of the amount and composition of the body’s fluids

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147
Q

frontal plane

A

imaginary line or cut of the body made in line with the ears and then down the middle of the body, resulting in a front and a back portion; also called coronal plane

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148
Q

gallbladder

A

pear-shaped sac located on the inferior surface of the liver, stores bile to aid in digestion and fat absorption

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149
Q

gamete

A

male (sperm) or female (ovum) reproductive cell

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150
Q

ganglion

A

marked swelling of gray matter, located outside the central nervous system, containing cells of neurons

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151
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

backflow of stomach acids into the esophagus due to an incompetent esophageal sphincter, resulting in burning and discomfort; can lead to ulcers

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152
Q

gential herpes

A

painful and incurable viral infection of the male or female genital tract’s mucous membrane

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153
Q

genitalia

A

external sex organs

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154
Q

genital warts

A

infection caused by the human papilloma virus; believed to be a precursor of female cervical cancer

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155
Q

gestation

A

period of pregnancy

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156
Q

giantism

A

overproduction of the growth hormone; resulting in abnormally large size

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157
Q

giardiasis

A

infectious diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia in contaminated water

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158
Q

glans penis

A

acorn-shaped head of penis

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159
Q

glaucoma

A

a disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure; causes damage to optic nerve; often results in blindness

160
Q

globulins

A

the fraction of the blood serum protein associated with antibodies; vaccinations with globulins produces passive immunity

161
Q

glomerular filtration

A

the movement of fluid and materials under pressure from the blood through the kidney’s glomerular membrane; the beginning of urine formation

162
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

acute or chronic inflammation of the kidney glomeruli

163
Q

glomeruli

A

networks of blood capillaries enclosed in Bowman capsule

164
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid

165
Q

gonorrhea

A

contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membrane of either sex, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

166
Q

gout

A

inflammation and pain, usually of the great toes or thumbs, caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals

167
Q

Graves Disease

A

hyperthyroidism; increased secretion of thyroxine; characterized by goiter, exophthalmia (bulging eyes), weight loss, extreme nervousness, and rapid metabolism

168
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the process by which undifferentiated stem cells give rise to all other blood cells; the process by which cells that produce blood are generated

169
Q

hemodiaysis

A

a form of dialysis that removes blood via a catheter placed directly into a vein; the blood then circulates through a dialysis machine to remove impurities

170
Q

hemophilia

A

genetic bleeding disorder involving a deficiency of specific clotting factors and resulting in excessive bleeding, especially into the joints

171
Q

hemorrhoids

A

inflammation and dilation of veins in rectum and anus

172
Q

hepatic

A

referring to the liver

173
Q

hepatitis

A

acute or chronic inflammation of the liver

174
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall normally containing it; intestine is the most common organ to herniate

175
Q

herpes zoster

A

shingles; infection caused by the herpes zoster virus forming blister-type lesions and producing pain along the nerve trunks

176
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

177
Q

homeostasis

A

equilibrium or health of the body as measured by established norms for blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiration rate, and other indicators

178
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

the virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

179
Q

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

the virus associated with genital warts and cervical cancer

180
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

181
Q

hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain caused by an obstruction and resulting in mounting pressure and destruction of brain tissue

182
Q

hydronephrosis

A

distention of the renal pelvis resulting from obstructed flow of urine

183
Q

hyperextension

A

extreme or abnormal extension, usually resulting in injury

184
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness; a condition in which distant objects can be seen more clearly than closer objects

185
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure (beginning at 140/90)

186
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overactivity of the thyroid

187
Q

hypertonic solution

A

fluid more concentrated than intracellular fluid; it draws fluid away from the cell and causes the cell to shrink

188
Q

hypospadias

A

congenital disorder; the male urethra opens on the underside of the penis

189
Q

hypothalamus

A

located in the diencephalon, the hypothalamus contains nerve cells assisting in maintenance of water balance, fat and sugar metabolism, secretion of endocrine glands, and regulation of body temperature

190
Q

hypothyroidism

A

underactivity of the thyroid

191
Q

hypotonic solution

A

fluid less concentrated than intracellular fluid; it results in excess fluid entering the cell and may cause the cell to rupture

192
Q

ileum

A

lower portion of the small intestine, opening into the cecum

193
Q

ilium

A

superior wing-shaped portion of hip bones

194
Q

immunity

A

the individual’s ability to resist specific disease or disorders, usually by acquiring the corresponding antibody

195
Q

immunization

A

vaccination; protection from communicable diseases by administration of living attenuated agents (measles), killed organisms(pertussis), inactivated toxins (tetanus), or recombinant DNA(Hep B)

196
Q

impotence

A

inability of the male to achieve erection or ejaculation

197
Q

incontinence

A

inability to retain urine, semen, or feces

198
Q

incus

A

anvil; second ossicle (bone) of the middle ear

199
Q

inferior

A

below

200
Q

infertility

A

inability to produce offspring; may be either a male or female disorder

201
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation; bringing air into the lungs

202
Q

integumentary system

A

the largest system of the body, it contains skin, glands, hair, nails, blood vessels, and nerves to protect against infection and other “invaders”; assists with prevention of dehydration; controls body temperature; receives sensory information; eliminates waste products; and produces vitamin D

203
Q

intracellular fluid

A

body fluid inside the cell

204
Q

intussusception

A

one part of the intestine slipping into another, leading to bowel obstruction

205
Q

inversion

A

turning inside out (the opposite of eversion)

206
Q

ischium

A

inferior portion of hip bones supporting the body weight when sitting

207
Q

isotonic

A

solution with the same concentration as intracellular fluid, moves in and out of the cell at the same rate

208
Q

jaundice

A

yellow color of skin, white of eyes, and mucous membranes resulting from increased bilirubin in blood

209
Q

joints

A

areas where two or more bones come together or articulate

210
Q

keratin

A

a protein in the epidermis that thickens and waterproofs the skin

211
Q

kidneys

A

two muscular, bean-shaped organs located in the back of the abdominal cavity that filtrate, reabsorb selected substances, and excrete urine

212
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback; an excessive curvature in the thoracic portion of the vertebral column

213
Q

labryinth

A

inner ear; contains vestibule, semicircular canal, and cochlea with receptors for hearing and balance

214
Q

large intestine

A

the final organ of the digestive tract; connects to the small intestine at the ileum; sections include cecum, colon, rectum; ends at the anus; manufactures vitamins K and B; absorbs fluids and electrolytes; forms, stores, and excretes feces

215
Q

larynx

A

voice box; organ between the pharynx and trachea containing vocal cords, which vibrate to produce speech

216
Q

lateral

A

away from midline, toward the side

217
Q

Legionnaires disease

A

a type of pneumonia caused by the Legionnaires pneumophila bacteria

218
Q

leukemia

A

type of malignancy characterized by rapid and abnormal development of leukocytes (white blood cells) in spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

219
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells (WBCs); fight infection

220
Q

ligaments

A

bands of fibrous connective tissue connecting the articulating ends of bones to facilitate or limit movement

221
Q

liver

A

largest gland in the body, located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; it produces bile, detoxifies blood, and aids metabolism

222
Q

lordosis

A

swayback; excessive curvature in the lumbar portion of the vertebral column

223
Q

lungs

A

two main organs of the respiratory system that are located in the thoracic cavity; they distribute and exchange gases

224
Q

lymphatic system

A

body system containing lymph, lymph nodes, and related organs to protect against and fight disease

225
Q

macular degeneration

A

progressive abnormal growth of blood vessels or other structures in the retina, usually leading to blindness

226
Q

malleus

A

hammer; first ossicle (bone) of the middle ear

227
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

228
Q

maxilla

A

upper jaw bone

229
Q

medial

A

toward the middle or center

230
Q

mediastinum

A

small cavity within the thoracic cavity that lies between the lungs and contains the heart and large blood vessels

231
Q

medulla oblongata

A

portion of the brain connecting with spinal cord; contains centers for control of heartbeat, respirations, and blood pressure

232
Q

melanin

A

pigment giving the skin its color

233
Q

membranes

A

thin sheets of tissue that line and protect body structures

234
Q

menarche

A

first female menses; usually occurs between nine and fifteen years of age

235
Q

meninges (singular meninx)

A

three layers of connective tissue covering that completely enclose the brain and spinal cord

236
Q

menopause

A

cessation of menses and female reproduction from aging or surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus

237
Q

menorrhagia

A

painful menses

238
Q

mesentery

A

composed of two layers of peritoneum that lie on the walls of the peritoneal cavity connecting the intestines to the wall of the abdomen

239
Q

menstrual cycle

A

a phase lasting approximately twenty eight days, beginning with menstruation, followed by the thickening of the endometrium; midcycle, ovulation occurs, followed by secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum to prepare the uterus for a fertilized ovum

240
Q

menstruation

A

menses; the shedding of the endometrium of the uterus in the form of vaginal bleeding when pregnancy does not occur, usually in a twenty eight day cycle

241
Q

metabolism

A

energy transformation in living cells

242
Q

metacarpals

A

five bones that form the palm of the hand

243
Q

metaphase

A

second phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up along an equator type line along centriole filaments

244
Q

metatarsals

A

the five foot bones

245
Q

midbrain

A

connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum; functions as relay for certain eye and ear reflexes

246
Q

mild head injury (MHI)

A

concussion

247
Q

mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)

A

concussion

248
Q

miscarriage

A

spontaneous abortion; a natural interruption of a pregnancy before the seventh month

249
Q

mitosis

A

cell division; comprises four phases; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

250
Q

mouth

A

oral cavity; orifice in the lower face where food enters the body

251
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

progressive inflammation and hardening of the myelin sheath in the nervous system

252
Q

muscular system

A

body system that contains muscles and related structures that accommodate movement

253
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

heart attack; necrosis (death) of an area in the myocardium resulting from cessation of blood supply, usually from coronary thrombosis

254
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer of the heart

255
Q

myopia

A

condition of nearsightedness; can see objects close by but not far away

256
Q

myxedema

A

atrophy of thyroid in adults, resulting in decreased secretion of thyroxine, caused causing forms of physical and mental decline

257
Q

narcolepsy

A

uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep; also known as sleep epilepsy

258
Q

neonatal

A

first thirty days after birth

259
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

(renal calculi) kidney stones

260
Q

nephrons

A

group of microscopic coiled tubules (more than one million in each kidney), located in the renal pyramids, that filter blood and form urine; main structures are collecting tubules, glomeruli, and arterioles; the bottom of the paperclip-shaped segment of the nephron is called the loop of Henle

261
Q

nervous system

A

body system containing nerves and related structures that receive stimuli and initiate responses

262
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released by the axons that stimulates the next cell to continue the transmission of an impulse

263
Q

nucleolus

A

small structure in the cell nucleus that holds ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ribosomes essential for protein formation

264
Q

nucleus

A

located in the center of the cell;controls cell activity and contains genetic material (DNA)

265
Q

orchiditis (also spelled orchitis)

A

inflammation of the testes

266
Q

organ

A

group tissues working together to perform a function,k such as the kidney

267
Q

osmosis

A

water diffusion (movement from area of higher to lower concentration) through a semipermeable membrane

268
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the tendency of a higher-concentration solution to draw in water from a lower-concentration solution

269
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease that results in deformities and chronic pain; usually occurs as part of the aging process

270
Q

osteoblast

A

cell that forms bone tissue

271
Q

osteochondroma

A

malignancy of the bone and cartilage

272
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone or marrow caused by pathogens

273
Q

osteoporosis

A

porous, brittle bones resulting from low levels of calcium salts

274
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the bone

275
Q

otitis media

A

infection of middle ear

276
Q

ovaries

A

two female endocrine sex glands (gonads) that secrete estrogen to stimulate growth of breasts, uterus, and secondary sex characteristics and form ova (the female gametes) and progesterone to prepare and maintain uterus in pregnancy

277
Q

pancreas

A

an endocrine and exocrine gland located behind the stomach that produces pancreatic juice, and insulin and glucagon

278
Q

Papanicolaou smear (Pap Smear)

A

test for cervical cancer that involves microscopically examining cervical scrapings

279
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system that returns the body to rest and replenishes energy

280
Q

parathyroid gland

A

one of four pea-sized glands located on or embedded in the thyroid that secrete parathyroid hormone, increasing blood levels of calcium

281
Q

parkinson disease

A

chronic progressive neurologic disease characterized by fine tremors and muscle weakness and rigidity; etiology believed to be associated with low dopamine production

282
Q

parturition

A

process of delivery; giving birth

283
Q

patella

A

kneecap

284
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in fetal circulation that does not close as it should after birth

285
Q

pathology

A

the study of abnormal changes in body structure or function, usually caused by disease

286
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

inflammation of the pelvic cavity organs resulting from widespread infection

287
Q

penis

A

external male sex organ containing the urethra

288
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves outside the central nervous system originating from the brain and spinal cord; it transmits sensory information and responses

289
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions that move food throughout the digestive tract

290
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

a form of dialysis using the peritoneal membrane to filter wastes

291
Q

pernicious anemia

A

type of anemia resulting from malabsorption of Vitmain B12 in the ileum

292
Q

pertussis

A

whooping cough; a vaccine preventable bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis

293
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other substances by phagocytic cells

294
Q

phalanges

A

fingers (three bones on each) and thumb (two bones on each); toes (three bones on each) and great toes (two bones on each)

295
Q

pharyngitis

A

sore throat; inflammation of the pharynx

296
Q

pharynx

A

throat; passageway from nose to larynx

297
Q

phimosis

A

inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis because of tightness of the skin

298
Q

physiology

A

the study of body function

299
Q

pineal gland

A

endocrine gland located in the brain behind the hypothalamus that secretes melatonin, which regulates the body’s sleep/wake cycles

300
Q

pinna

A

auricle; external ear; directs sound waves to the canal

301
Q

pituitary

A

endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, called “master gland” because of the number of hormones it secretes and functions it serves

302
Q

placenta

A

oval vascular structure present in the uterus during pregnancy that supplies nutrients to the fetus

303
Q

placenta previa

A

abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower uterus

304
Q

plantar flexion

A

pointing toes downward, which flexes the arch of the foot

305
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood (55%)

306
Q

platelets

A

(thrombocytes) cell fragments; function in coagulation

307
Q

pleura

A

lung linings containing pleural fluid to protect lungs and reduce friction during respiration

308
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura

309
Q

pneumonia

A

viral or bacterial infection causing inflammation of the lungs

310
Q

pneumothorax

A

partial or complete collapse of the lung(s) resulting from air in the pleural cavity

311
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

familial disorder producing cysts in the kidney tubules leading to kidney failue

312
Q

pons

A

area where nerves cross, resulting in nerves located on one side of the brain controlling the opposite side of the body; connects the cerebellum with the nervous system

313
Q

pregnancy

A

gestation; period of fetal development in the uterus from fertilization to birth, usually forty weeks

314
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

irritability, bloating, and depression preceding menses

315
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin; a fold of skin on the penis covering the glans

316
Q

presbyopia

A

a form of farsightedness most common eye condition associated with aging

317
Q

priapism

A

abnormal, painful, prolonged penile erection, usually resulting from spinal cord injury or disease

318
Q

prophase

A

first stage of mitosis; centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, forming two poles

319
Q

prostate gland

A

donut-shaped gland around the male urethra at the bladder neck that secretes alkaline fluid to protect sperm

320
Q

proximal

A

toward the origin of a structure

321
Q

pubis

A

anterior union of the hip bones

322
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid accumulation in the lungs, often associated with congestive heart failure

323
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

smaller fibers arising from the bundle branches located in the heart’s conductive system that carry the electrical impulse to the ventricular walls, causing them to contract

324
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation and pyogenic infection of the renal pelvis

325
Q

radius

A

lateral bone of forearm (in anatomic position)

326
Q

rales

A

crackling breath sound resulting from increased secretions in the bronchi; sometimes referred to as rhonchi

327
Q

rectum

A

the lower portion of the large intestine that contains the reflexes for defecation

328
Q

renal failure

A

acute or chronic loss of kidney function that results in buildup of nitrogen waste in the body

329
Q

reproductive system

A

body system containing gonads (ovaries or testes) and related sex-specific organs and structures to reproduce the species

330
Q

respiratory system

A

body system containing nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, and related structures that transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

331
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

inflammation and overgrowth of synovial membranes and joint tissues characterized by swelling of joints

332
Q

rotation

A

turning on an axis, such as turning the head to indicate “no”

333
Q

rugae

A

folds in the lining of the stomach and some other organs

334
Q

sagittal plane

A

an imaginary line or cut through the body, bilaterally separating it into right and left halves

335
Q

salivary glands

A

three pairs of glands located in the mouth, secreting saliva that moistens food and begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

336
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

337
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

338
Q

scrotum

A

external pouch suspended from the male perineum containing the testes and epididymis

339
Q

seminal vesicles

A

a pair of accessory glands in the male, posterior to the urinary bladder, that secrete nutrient fluid for sperm

340
Q

serum

A

clear, liquid portion of blood that remains after the blood clots

341
Q

sigmoid

A

lower s shaped portion of colon connected to the descending colon and the rectum

342
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

located in the upper wall of the right atrium, it is the pacemaker of the heart

343
Q

skeletal system

A

body system containing bones and related structures to provide structural support

344
Q

small intestine

A

longest portion of digestive tract; digests fats, proteins, and carbohydrates and absorbs the nutrient products into the blood; contains 3 sections; duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

345
Q

spermatozoa

A

sperm

346
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital deformity exposing the spinal column, resulting from malformation of vertebrae

347
Q

spinal cord

A

continuous tubelike structure located within the spinal vertebrae extending from the occipital bone to the coccyx; it contains cerebrospinal fluid and ascending and descending nerve tracts that carry transmissions to and from the brain

348
Q

stapes

A

stirrup; third ossicle (bone) of the middle ear

349
Q

stem cell

A

an undifferentiated biologic cell that can differentiate into specialized cells

350
Q

stomach

A

j shaped organ between the esophagus and the duodenum that produces a churning action that mixes food with gastric acids and enzymes as part of digestion; also stores food

351
Q

strabismus

A

inability of both eyes to simultaneously focus on a subject; commonly known as lazy eye or being cross-eyed

352
Q

strata

A

sublayers

353
Q

stridor

A

high-pitched breath sounds resembling wind; caused by a partial obstruction of air passages

354
Q

superior

A

above

355
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system preparing the body for stressful situations (“fight or flight”)

356
Q

synapse

A

neuromuscular junction between neurons

357
Q

syphilis

A

sexually transmitted disease resulting in lesions (chancre) that may spread to bones and other systems

358
Q

systole

A

contraction portion of the cardiac cycle

359
Q

tarsals

A

the 7 ankle and foot bones; the largest is the calcaneus, or heel bones

360
Q

telophase

A

final phase of mitosis; the nucleus divides in the center, forming two distinct cells

361
Q

tendons

A

connective tissue attaching muscle directly to the periosteum (covering) of the bones

362
Q

testes

A

male endocrine sex glands (gonads) that secrete testosterone and stimulate the development of male sex characteristics and sperm

363
Q

tetany

A

spasms caused by low blood calcium

364
Q

thalamus

A

located in the diencephalon, serves as relay for sensory input

365
Q

thorax

A

cavity containing lungs

366
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein with clots

367
Q

thrombus (plural thrombi)

A

a blood clot attached to a vessel wall

368
Q

thrush

A

yeast infection of the mouth caused by Candida albicans

369
Q

tibia

A

shin bone

370
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing in the ears

371
Q

tissues

A

group of cells with similar structures and functions

372
Q

trachea

A

tube branching into two bronchi leading into the lungs

373
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

ministroke; temporary episode of impaired neurologic function resulting from decreased blood flow to the brain

374
Q

transverse plane

A

an imaginary plane line or cut through the body horizontally dividing it into superior and inferior sections

375
Q

tuberculosis

A

an infectious bacterial disease characterized by tubercles in the tissue; the lung is the most common disease site

376
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

the process that follows glomerular filtration; the filtered water and other needed materials leave the tubule by diffusion and active transport and enter tissue fluids

377
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum; boundary between external and middle ear canals; vibrates, transmitting sound waves to inner ear

378
Q

ulcerative colitits

A

inflammation and ulceration of the mucosa of the colon and rectum

379
Q

ulcers

A

lesions of the mucosa of any organ; most common in the stomach and intestine

380
Q

ulna

A

medial bone of forearm (in anatomic position)

381
Q

uremia

A

high levels of nitrogen waste in the body

382
Q

ureters

A

2 slim tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

383
Q

urethra

A

tube from the bladder that allows urine to leave the body

384
Q

urinary bladder

A

saclike organ behind the symphysis pubis that temporarily stores urine

385
Q

urinary system

A

body system containing kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra that removes nitrogen-type waste and regulates water balance

386
Q

urination

A

voiding or micturition; discharge of urine from the bladder

387
Q

uterus

A

female organ located in pelvic cavity from the oviducts to the vagina; houses and nourishes the growing fetus and placenta

388
Q

vas deferens

A

tubule carrying sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicles

389
Q

vasectomy

A

male sterilization procedure; tying off or removing part or all of vas deferens

390
Q

vena cava

A

largest body vein, with inferior and superior branches

391
Q

vertebral column

A

spine; 26 vertebrae (bones that cover the spinal cord)

392
Q

vertigo

A

dizziness

393
Q

vestibule

A

middle section of inner ear involving balance

394
Q

villi (singular villus)

A

tiny projections in the small intestine lining where absorption of nutrients occurs

395
Q

wheeze

A

squeaking or whistling breath sound, usually caused by narrowed tracheobronchial airways, as in asthma

396
Q

xiphoid process

A

small tip at the lower end of the sternum

Cma Exam (19 decks)

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