Com2--EQ2-4.3 + 4.4

Question 1

Hard rock coasts

Answer 1

Consist of more resistant rocks that erode slower, such as igneous granite or resistant chalk

• Flamborough head (E. Yorkshire)
• Lulworth cove (Dorset)

Question 2

Soft rock coasts

Answer 2

Consist of less resistant rocks that erode faster, such as clays or shales

• Holderness coast (E. Yorkshire)
• North Norfolk coasts

Question 3

What are joints

Answer 3

Joints are small, usually vertical, cracks found in many rocks

Question 4

What are faults

Answer 4

Faults are larger cracks caused by past tectonic movements where rocks have been moved

Question 5

Effects of joints and faults on a cliff

Answer 5

• The more joints and faults that are in a cliff, the easier it is to erode as it is weaker
• Joints and faults in a cliff can form caves which turn into arches which then become stacks, which can erode to make stumps

Question 6

Discordant Rock Structure

• Rock alignment to coast
• Type of rock facing the wave
• Features and landforms
• Examples

Answer 6

• Perpendicular
• Alternating rock types; resistant, weak, resistant, weak
• Arch, stacks, stumps, HEADLANDS AND BAYS
• Studland bay, Ballard Point; Swanage Bay, Durlston Head

Question 7

Concordant Rock Structure

• Rock alignment to coast
• Type of rock facing the wave
• Features and landforms
• Examples

Answer 7

• Parallel
• One rock type facing waves, may vary in weakness
• Can be featureless, coves, cliffs, caves, stair holes
• Durlston Head to Kimmeridge

Question 8

Constructive waves
-Wave height
-Wave length
-When are they common
-Wave frequency
-Swash/Backwash
Wave shape and effect

Answer 8

• Low wave height
• Long wave length
• Common in summer
• Low wave frequency(6-8 waves per minute)
• Strong swash than backwash
• Surging waves add sediment to the beach

Question 9

Destructive waves

• Wave height
• Wave length
• When are they common
• Wave frequency
• Swash/Backwash
• Wave shape and effect

Answer 9

• High wave height
• Short wave length
• Common in winter
• High wave frequency(10-14 waves per minute)
• Stronger back wash than smash
• Plunging waves remove sediment from the beach

Question 10

Sub-Ariel processes

Answer 10

Freeze thaw weathering
Biological weathering (mechanical weathering)
Chemical weathering

Question 11

Mass Movement- Rotational slumping

Answer 11

1. Rain falls and it accumulates at the boundary between sand and clay which lubricates the boundary
2. Sand is permeable and allows water to pass through but clay is impermeable and prevent water passing through
3. Sand becomes saturated becomes and will dramatically slump rotationally

Question 12

Mass movement- Rock Slides

Answer 12

1. Joints or bending planes are aligned diagonally to the sea
2. Erosion at the base or weathering st the top of cliff means the cliff becomes unsupported and sometimes lubricated by the rain
3. The rocks moves in a straight diagonal line

Question 13

Long shore drift

Answer 13

1. Winds and waves break at an angle to the coast
2. Sediment moved up the beach by swash
3. Sediment dragged down at an angle by the backwash
4. Sediment is gradually moved along the beach

Question 14

Hydraulic Action

Answer 14

Water is forced into the cracks, compressing the air within the rock.
The pressure increases and expands.
Rock chips of and cracks get bigger

Question 15

Abrasion

Answer 15

The rocks are picked up by the waves and thrown against the cliffs
This action wears away the rock and gradually removed

Question 16

Solution

Answer 16

The sea becomes slightly acidic. This is caused by vegetation near the cliffs.
This erodes rock such chalk or limestone

Question 17

Attrition

Answer 17

Rocks that are held within the waves smash into each other. Gradually the rocks become rounder and smoother (pebbles)