Com 2--Eq1-4.1 + 4.2

Question 1

Techtonic processes

Answer 1

• The plate on which the uk was on shifted from the tropics
• Convection currents beneath the plate uplifted rocks from below the sea, forming new land
• During uplift, some rocks snapped ans moved along faults in a series of earthquakes over thousands of years. Each movement forced the strata to tilt

Question 2

Geology

Answer 2

•250 million years ago the U.K. was covered in tropical seas
•As the died, skeletons would fall and compact those beneath into (forming strata, horizontal layers of rock)
•Calcium carbonate crystallised around the fragments ans cemented them together
•Later other rock strata were deposited on top on the limestone
e.g. sandstone and shale, these rocks very in hardness

Question 3

Glaciation

Answer 3

•As the Pennines uplifted, rivers eroded into the land, creating V-shaped valleys
•The most recent ice age 10,000 years ago brought huge glaciers to the Pennines.
-Altering river valleys making them wider and deeper forming U-shaped valleys.

Question 4

Igneous rock

Answer 4

Formed by the cooling and solidification of volcanic rock (magma or lava) to form very resistant crystallised rock

Question 5

Sedimentary rock

Answer 5

Formed by the compaction of sediments and muds on the sea floor, or on the river beds, or on the land which creates layers of relatively weak rock

Question 6

Metamorphic rock

Answer 6

Formed by pre-existing rock, being heated and re-solidifying to create layers or bands of crystals. Changed by extreme heat of pressure

Question 7

Freeze-Thaw weathering

Answer 7

Occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands and then melts, eventually breaking the rock apart.

Question 8

Distribution of rock types around the UK

Answer 8

• Above tees-exe line there is mainly igneous and metamorphic rock, due to the volcanoes that used to be there
• Below the tees-exe line is mainly sedimentary rock due to the lower land

Question 9

Geology of Upland

Answer 9

• Volcanic basalt erupted onto the surface 300-450 million years ago
• Granite erupted below the surface at Eksdale
• Sedimentary rock is present where the UK was under tropical seas.

Question 10

Geology of lowland

The Weald

Answer 10

• Once a dome of folded rocks, forming an arch called an anticline
• Erosion of the weaker sedimentary rock has lead to scarp and typography
• Chalk and Clay were left from the tropical seas.

Question 11

Shape of the Upland landscape

The Lake District

Answer 11

•U-shaped valleys were formed from the bottom of the glaciers eroded the valley floor

Question 12

Shape of the lowland landscape

The Weald

Answer 12

•Erosion of sedimentary rocks on the anticline has lead to scarp and typography

• Chalk is porous and so filled with water and froze during the ice age making it more resistant, this forms the steep escarpment.
• Behind the escarpment gentle slopes folle the rock tilt angle.
• Softer clays are lower forming the vales

Question 13

Weathering processes in the upper and lowland

Answer 13

• Freeze thaw weathering weathering causes scree to break apart in the winter, creating more scree in the Lake District
• In the Weald
• Trees and shrub roots brisk up solid rock (biological weathering)
• Chalk is calcium carbonate so is affected by solution (chemical)

Question 14

Lake District slope processes

Answer 14

• Scree fragments are unstable and move easily during rock falls
• Land slides are also common, rain adds weight to the weathered rocks and makes them slippery, so they slide easily

Question 15

Slope processes in the Weald

Answer 15

Soil creep is caused by rain dislodging soil particles and causing them to slide down hills

Question 16

Post glacial river processes in the Weald

Answer 16

Dry valleys are where rivers once flowed
They are left when water sleeps through the chalk
The fresh water formed rivers and valleys

Question 17

Post glacial river processes in the Lake District

Answer 17

Rivers flow in the bottom of the valleys and are known as misfits.
They deposit silt and mud (alluvium) in the valley bottom, making the land fertile.