Colorectal cancer tutorial Flashcards
What age is colorectal cancer diagnosed?
What lifestyle factors put one at risk?
Can be at any age but more often above the age of 50.
Low fibre diets, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity.
What is the most common type of cancer of the GI system?
Where in GI system does it mostly occur?
Adenocarcinoma (mucosal glands) in the colon and the rectum.
The majority of adenocarcinomas arise from benign ________ _________.
Colonic adenomas
What are the two main genetic pathways to the development of a colonic carcinogenesis?
- Adenomatous Polyposis Colic (APC) gene mutations. APC is a tumour suppressor gene.
- Mismatch repair pathway.
What gene is mutated in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis?
APC (adenomatous polyposis colic) gene.
How does someone with an APC mutation eventually get cancer?
Eventually develop other mutations (need 2 of the APC gene mutations in both alleles) such as p.53 etc.
What is the treatment for someone with FAP?
Prophylactic colectomy as there is a 100% chance that one of the polyps will turn into a carcinoma.
What are the two different polyp types?
- Pedunculated polyps: Have a neck which is made of submucosa.
- Sessile polyps: No neck.
What are the 3 different classifications of adenomas?
What is normal and what is adenomatous and why?
What correlatation can you use to estimate risk of a polyp developing into a carcinoma?
The size of the adenoma
Invasive adenocarcinoma arising from a benign adenoma is diagnosed when glands are seen ……
invading beyond the muscularis mucosa of the into the submucosa of the colon - or stalk in pedunculated polyps.
What is this showing?
Invasion
What is this showing?
What side of the colon is each found most often?
What carcinoma morphology type is this?
Fungating
What type of carcinoma morphology is this?
What type of carcinoma type is this?
What is seen in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas?
No glandular structures at all.
In moderately differentiated the glands may be fused.
What organ is most likely to have metastasis from colon cancer?
Liver
Why is iron deficiency anaemia in an older male or post menopausal women GI cancer until proven otherwise?
How does left side colon cancer present?
What are the steps to the colorectal screening in nz?
