College 9

Question 1

deception

Answer 1

an act intended to foster in another person a belief or understanding which the deceiver considers false
> always a dyadic (consists of 2) process
entails:
1. communication of information
2. meta-communication about sincerity of that information.

Question 2

self-deception

Answer 2

holding two contradictory beliefs, but not being aware of one of them
> not dyadic

Question 3

intentionally transparent lies

Answer 3

deceiver wishes to be uncovered
> no intent to foster beliefs

Question 4

mistaken lies

Answer 4

telling a “lie” because one thinks it’s the truth
> blief not considered to be false by deceiver

Question 5

deception cues

Answer 5

cues that challenge the deceiver to convince the detector of the sincerity of their lie

Question 6

leakage cues

Answer 6

cues that challenge the deceiver to try and protect hidden information from the detector

Question 7

findings about why we lie

Answer 7

1. manipulativeness correlates with more self-oriented beneficial lies
2. higher self-control correlates with less lying
3. higher empathy correlates with more other-oriented and white lies
4. lower-self esteem correlates with more beneficial lies

Question 8

How common is lying?

Answer 8

• most common: 41% self-oriented protective lies
• least common: white lies, and other oriented beneficial lies
  Overall: 412 out of 2039 interactions involve lies (0.74 lies/ day)

Question 9

Markowitz: romantic desirability in dating apps

Answer 9

faking shared interest and hobbies to “reach the ultimate goal of meeting the person face-to-face”

Question 10

butler lies > availability management

Answer 10

lies during (dating) discovery phase to manage availability (“Sorry, I cannot make it today, my sister just called…)

Question 11

Self-presentation lies

Answer 11

lies during (dating) discovery phase to increase own attractiveness

Question 12

relevant factors for a good lie

Answer 12

• control: attempt to conceal deception can be suspicious
• arousal: deception is arousing, which can be visible
• affect: affect due to the deception can be suspicious
• cognition: creating a deception narrative is harder than being honest

Question 13

concealed information test

Answer 13

people are told to hide knowledge about lie-relevant vs. control stimuli

Question 14

shefflied lie test

Answer 14

participants instructed to lie or be truthful about a set of simuli

Question 15

ADCAT: Activation-Decision-Construction-Action Theory

Answer 15

deception consists of four stages:
1. Activation
2. Decision
3. Construction
4. Action
> focus on cognitive processing at each of these stages

Question 16

The activation phase

Answer 16

• we have to understand that someone is asking us for a truth (involves ToM)
• involves retrieving information from long term memory, and keeping it active in working memory

Question 17

The decision phase

Answer 17

• we have to decide whether we should lie about that truth
• calculations bounded by rationality and motivation: we compute expected values of different outcomes (“what would happen if I get away with this/am caught”)

Question 18

The construction phase

Answer 18

now we have to construct a plausible lie
- our ToM will predict what we think would be plausible for the detector, and what would not

Question 19

The action phase

Answer 19

now we deliver the lie to the detector
- we try to avoid showing leakage & deception cues by controlling them
> this can be cognitively demanding and also suspicious, because of inaccurate ToM inferences

Question 20

The cognitive interview technique

Answer 20

• ask witnesses (or suspects) to report on the critical event in four stages:
  1. free-recall of the event (“report everything”)
  2. context re-instatement (“imagine perspective-taking)
  3. change perspective on event (“report as if you were not afraid”)
  4. change order of event (temporally)