College 12 Flashcards
Expected Utility theory
actors behave as if they maximized expected utility over possible outcomes
prosociality
Rests on the integration of others‘ outcomes
into decision makers‘ utility funcion
Social Value Orientation (SVO)
people differ in the weight they attribute to the welfare of the self/other:
1. individualists
2. competitives
3. coorperatives
4. altruists
> conceptualized differently by some, see baillet et al. (2009)
SVO: individualists
completely concerned with the self, don’t care for others
SVO: competitives
maximize own outcome, but also minimize what others get
SVO: cooperatives
maximize outcomes for both self and others
SVO: altruists
value other’s welfare more than their own
altruism
helping motivated primarily by concern for others
compliance
helping in response to a request
emotionality
helping (especially) in emotionally evocative circumstances
publicity
helping to get credit
anonymity
helping without knowing whom one is helping
opportunistic
helping when one can personally benefit
narcissism
maladaptive personality trait (high (insecure) self-esteem, egocentrism, low empathy, self-interested, etc)
> usually associated with anti-social behaviour
public good game theory
a metaphor for modeling cooperative behavior in groups in the presence of incentives to free ride. In the model presented here agents play a public good game with their neighbors in a social network structure.
the bystander effect
the inhibiting influence of the presence of others on a person’s willingness to help someone in need. Research has shown that, even in an emergency, a bystander is less likely to extend help when he or she is in the real or imagined presence of others than when he or she is alone.
effective altruism
using evidence and reason to figure out how to do as much good as possible, and taking action on that basis
maybe favors > elasticity
increase in willingness to help / decrease in actual help
example: “if you agree there is only a chance
that you will actually have to donate eventually. This is because from all the participants who agree we will randomly select 5% for which we will not cancel the payment; there will be no actual donation!” > leads to more donations
