College 11

Question 1

morality

Answer 1

something is im/moral if we think it is the right/ wrong thing to do and we also wish others to do/not do it > not only about the self

Question 2

cognitive developmental theory of morality

Answer 2

focuses on the process of thinking about moral issues.

Question 3

Pre-conventional

Answer 3

moral reasoning based on reward and punishment
- obedience and punishment (being good to avoid being punished)
- self-interest (gets the insight that there are different viewpoints)

Question 4

cognitive developmental theory of morality stages:

Answer 4

1. pre-conventional
   - stage 1: obedience and punishment
   - stage 2: self-interest
2. conventional
   - stage 3: interpersonal conformity
   - stage 4: authority
3. post-conventional
   - stage 5: social contract
   - stage 6: universal ethics

Question 5

Conventional

Answer 5

moral reasoning based on external ethics
- interperonsal conformity (being good for the approval of others)
- authority (aware of rules of society)

Question 6

post-conventional

Answer 6

moral reasoning based on personal ethics
- social contract (protection of life more important than breaking the law)
- universal ethics (developed own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law)

Question 7

moral dumbfounding

Answer 7

occurs when people stubbornly maintain a moral judgement, even though they can provide no reason to support their judgements

Question 8

Social Intuitionist Model

Answer 8

The central claim of the social intuitionist model is that moral judgment is caused by quick moral intuitions and is followed (when needed) by slow, ex post facto moral reasoning. Clear definitions of moral judgment, moral intuition, and moral reason- ing are therefore needed.

Question 9

moral foundation theory

Answer 9

argues that there are five basic moral foundations:
(1) harm/care
(2) fairness/reciprocity
(3) ingroup/loyalty
(4) authority/respect
(5) purity/sanctity.
These five foundations comprise the building blocks of morality, regardless of the culture.

Question 10

deontology

Answer 10

an ethical theory that says actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules

Question 11

utilitarianism

Answer 11

an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.

Question 12

internal validity

Answer 12

how well does the operationalization of a study reflect the (causal) relationship assumed
* Did I actually measure/manipulate what I claim I did

Question 13

external validity

Answer 13

how well does my operationalization generalize to other contexts
* Is my measurement/manipulation configuration representative of other contexts with the same variables

Question 14

self-reports morality problems

Answer 14

1. internal validity: can participant accurately assess their own motivations?
2. external validity: do respondents share your interpretation of the questions?

Question 15

golden standard for behavioural outcomes

Answer 15

• Non-hypothetical choices are more externally valid
• Non-hypothetical choices yield less noise in measurement

Question 16

think aloud protocols

Answer 16

verbalize thoughts while completing a decision task

Question 17

moralized attitudes

Answer 17

attitudes based on the strong belief that something is right or wrong
> people who hold such beliefs are harder to persuade, and unwilling compromise

Question 18

moral framing

Answer 18

suggesting that one position on a moral issue may in fact be immoral

Question 19

moral reframing

Answer 19

highlighting how one position is rooted in favored moral values

Question 20

deliberate reasoning

Answer 20

slow or careful reasoning before forming an opinion or reaching a conclusion or decision.