College 2

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

creating memories

Question 2

retrieval

Answer 2

recollecting memories

Question 3

semantic memory

Answer 3

(general principles) a category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of ideas, concepts, and facts commonly regarded as general knowledge

Question 4

episodic memory

Answer 4

(context-specific) involves the ability to learn, store, and retrieve information about unique personal experiences that occur in daily life. These memories typically include information about the time and place of an event, as well as detailed information about the event itself.

Question 5

autobiographical memory

Answer 5

(your life) memory for one’s personal history. Examples might include memories for experiences that occurred in childhood, the first time learning to drive a car, and even such memories as where we were born.

Question 6

variability in sematic networks: person and situation

Answer 6

person: ideologies and values can affect with which probability categories come to mind (> social realities)
situation: mostly applies to cases without context, otherwise different memory processes can take over.

Question 7

way information is organized in memory

Answer 7

world > perception > encoding <> storage <> retrieval

Question 8

cognitive schema

Answer 8

pattern of thought
A cognitive framework or concept that helps to organize and interpret information

Question 9

schema-consistent information

Answer 9

• common
• strongly related to prior knowledge and beliefs
• we ‘look for it’ - assimilate
• top-down processing

Question 10

schema-inconsistent information

Answer 10

• unusual
• captures attention
• triggers “deeper” thinking
• bottom-up processing

Question 11

accomodate

Answer 11

the modification of an existing schema to understand (accommodate) new information.

Question 12

assimilation

Answer 12

the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.

Question 13

flashbulb memories

Answer 13

autobiographical memories that involve the circumstances in which one learned of a public event. Example: the 9/11 attacks

Question 14

source monitoring

Answer 14

the process of determining the origins of one’s memories, knowledge, or beliefs, such as whether an event was personally experienced, witnessed on television, or overheard.

Question 15

false memory construction

Answer 15

False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the content of suggestions received from others. During the process, individuals may forget the source of the information. This is a classic example of source confusion, in which the content and the source become dissociated.

Question 16

framing

Answer 16

the process of defining the context or issues surrounding a question, problem, or event in a way that serves to influence how the context or issues are perceived and evaluated. Also called framing effect.

Question 17

goal of retrieval

Answer 17

Memories are not always accurately recalled, and one factor that influences memory is the goal of retrieval. Evidence suggests that retrieving a memory to fit a social goal affects the content that is recollected.

Question 18

debunking

Answer 18

presenting a corrective message that establishes that the prior message was misinformation. > already stored information interferes with the encoding of new information. (> negative reaction to being told that someone else “knows better”)

Question 19

Pre-bunking

Answer 19

two core components
1. warning: alert the consumer of news to potential “threats”
2. refutational pre-emption, rather than just adding more information to the storage
> affect encoding, rather than just adding more information to the storage