Cognitive Development

Question 1

Why does Piaget’s theory have a biological bias

Answer 1

Initial training and education in zoology

Question 2

Why is Piaget’s theory described as constructivist

Answer 2

Children discovering or constructing knowledge of the world through their own activity

Question 3

What are schemes

Answer 3

Mental representations or internal depictions of information that a mind can manipulate

Question 4

In Piaget’s theory what is adaptation

Answer 4

Building schemes through direct interaction with the environment comprising two complimentary activities: assimilation, accommodation

Question 5

What is assimilation

Answer 5

Using current schemes to interpret the external world

Question 6

What is accommodation

Answer 6

Creates new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing the current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely

Question 7

What is equilibrium

Answer 7

Children are not changing their schemes they assimilate more than they accommodate

Question 8

What is disequilibrium

Answer 8

Cognitive discomfort moving from assimilation to accommodation

Question 9

What is the process of back and forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium

Answer 9

Equilibration

Question 10

According to Piaget’s which stages the most complex because of the greatest amount of accommodation taking place

Answer 10

The sensorimotor stage

Question 11

What are the age groupings for the sensorimotor stage

Answer 11

Birth to 2 years

Question 12

What is primary circular reaction

Answer 12

Largely motivated by basic needs, repeating chance behaviours, e.g. thumb sucking

Question 13

What are secondary circular reactions

Answer 13

Actions aimed at repeating interesting events in the surrounding environment; around four months

Question 14

What method to researchers studying infant cognition often use to determine what infant understand about the physical world

Answer 14

Violation-of-expectation

Question 15

According to Piaget’s categories are ________________ in early infancy, but become more __________________ in later infancy.

Answer 15

Perceptual, conceptual

Question 16

At 7 to 8 months infants develop intentional means-action sequences. What does this mean?

Answer 16

A problem-solving strategy, such as pulling on a string to obtain a toy.

Question 17

What suggests more effective problem-solving strategies that Piaget’s theory suggests?

Answer 17

As early as 10 to 12 months infants can engage in analogical problem-solving: applying a solution strategy from one problem to other relevant problems.

Question 18

In which of Piaget’s stages does socio-dramatic play first occur

Answer 18

The preoperational stage

Question 19

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 19

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Question 20

Define sociodramatic play

Answer 20

Make-believe play with others

Question 21

What that Piaget’s believe to be the main benefit of socio dramatic play

Answer 21

Exercising representational schemes

Question 22

What does current research suggest about make-believe play

Answer 22

Piaget’s scheme too limited -not only reflects but also contributes to children’s social and cognitive development

Question 23

What are the three stages of drawing development in the preoperational stage

Answer 23

Scribbles; first representational forms (first labelling of shapes); more realistic drawings (5 to 6 years of age)

Question 24

Piaget used the three mountain problem to demonstrate what?

Answer 24

Egocentrism

Question 25

What is animistic thinking

Answer 25

Inanimate objects have lifelike quality such as thoughts and feelings

Question 26

What is conservation

Answer 26

The idea that physical characteristics of an object remains the same even when their outward appearance changes

Question 27

What is one cause of preoperational children's inability to conserve

Answer 27

Centration: focus on one aspect but neglecting others

Question 28

What doe follow-up research on preoperational thought show

Answer 28

When children are given simplified, relevant tasks, they do better than Piaget's predicted

Question 29

In which age group is concrete operational thought found

Answer 29

In ages 7 to 11 years

Question 30

What things appear in the concrete operational phase

Answer 30

Conservation: classification: seriation: spatial reasoning

Question 31

What is transitive reasoning

Answer 31

The ability to infer that if a is longer than b and B is longer than C then a must be longer than C

Question 32

In order to make predictions and test inferences students must be able to use what kind of thought?

Answer 32

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 33

What is propositional thought

Answer 33

Ability to evaluate logic of propositions (verbal statements) without referring to real world circumstances

Question 34

What is imaginary audience

Answer 34

Belief in adolescents that they are the focus of everybody's attention

Question 35

What is the personal fable

Answer 35

Due to imagine the audience and inflated opinion of their own importance (special and unique)

Question 36

What is the core knowledge perspective propose

Answer 36

Begin life with innate special-purpose knowledge systems known as core domains of thought permitting a ready grasp of new related information

Question 37

What is theory theory

Answer 37

Children as theorists, (test naive theories against real-life and experience when it cannot account for new information)

Question 38

Which domain in theory theory develops last

Answer 38

Biological

Question 39

According to Vygotski, what is the main force that drives children's cognitive development

Answer 39

Effects of social and cultural context

Question 40

What is the purpose of private speech

Answer 40

A form of self guidance used when tasks are appropriately challenging

Question 41

What is the zone of proximal development

Answer 41

A range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of adults and more skilled peers

Question 42

What is scaffolding

Answer 42

Adjusting support offered to fit the child's current level of performance

Question 43

What is Vygotski's view of make-believe play

Answer 43

Source of development in which children advance themselves as they try out new or challenging skills

Question 44

What do Vygotskian classrooms promote

Answer 44

Assisted discovery in which teachers guide children's learning