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Developmental Psychology > biological foundations > Flashcards

biological foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene

A

A segments of DNA along the length of the chromosome

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2
Q

What is the process where DNA duplicates itself called

A

mitosis

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3
Q

Genes influence human characteristics by:

A

Sending instructions for making proteins to the cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Areas surrounding the nucleus

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5
Q

What does crossing over refer to

A

In the gamete (sex cells) chromosomes next to each other great at one or more points along the length and exchange segments

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6
Q

Which process ensures siblings differ even though they come from the same genes

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

What effects the likelihood of identical twins occurring

A

Environmental influences, temperature changes, oxygen levels, late fertilisation of the ovum, genetic influence

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8
Q

Non-red hair is dominant. An individual with red hair has which type of allele

A

An homozygous allel for red hair

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9
Q

X-linked disorders are more commonly found in males than in females because ——–

A

When a harmful allel is carried on the X chromosome their is no chance of this being cancelled out by a more dominant gene on the other X chromosome as for women

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10
Q

What is the effect of ionising radiation on DNA

A

Can cause mutation

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11
Q

What is polygenic inheritance

A

Many genes determine the characteristic in question: height, weight, intelligence, personality.

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12
Q

When do chromosomal defects occur

A

During meiosis

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13
Q

What is one chromosomal abnormality

A

Down syndrome

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14
Q

What is the main effect of a sex chromosome disorder

A

Specific intellectual problems

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15
Q

Which is the safest form of prenatal diagnosis

A

Maternal blood analysis

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16
Q

By the fourth day after conception, the developing organism is/has:

A

Blastocyst is formed

17
Q

What are the three phases of prenatal development

A

Zygote, embryo, fetus

18
Q

During prenatal development in which period do the most rapid prenatal changes take place

A

The embryo

19
Q

What is the term for an environmental agent that can cause damage in the prenatal period

A

Teratogen

20
Q

During which trimester does the cerebral cortex, neural networks, and personality begins to emerge

A

Third trimester

21
Q

Which common drugs can affect, low birth weight and death at time of birth, poorer motor development, lower intelligence test scores in early childhood.

A

Regular use of aspirin

22
Q

The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome are reversible: true or false

A

False

23
Q

What is the effect of taking folic acid supplements around the time of conception

A

Significantly reduces the risk of neural tube abnormality such as spina bifida

24
Q

What does research on maternal age provide

A

Women in their 30s have the same risk of having babies with chromosomal abnormalities as women in their 20s thereafter complication rates increase with a sharp rise amongst women 50 to 55

25
Q

What happens during the mother’s contractions to help the baby adapt to the trauma of birth

A

The baby produces stress hormones which is adaptive as it helps the baby withstand oxygen deprivation, arouse the infant to alertness, prepare the baby to breathe

26
Q

What does the Agpar score indicate

A

Above seven, good condition; 4 to 6, requires help in establishing breathing and other vital signs: three or below extreme danger

27
Q

What is the evidence for water births

A

Shorter labour and lower rate of episiotomy

28
Q

What is the effect of incompatible RH types for subsequent births

A

Anoxia, reduced supply of oxygen

29
Q

About how much of the difference in genetic make up explain the variation in intelligence

A

Around half

30
Q

What is reaction range

A

Genetically determined response to the environment

31
Q

What is canalisation

A

Tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes

32
Q

What is it epigenesis

A

Bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment

Developmental Psychology (11 decks)

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