biological foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene

A

A segments of DNA along the length of the chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the process where DNA duplicates itself called

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genes influence human characteristics by:

A

Sending instructions for making proteins to the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Areas surrounding the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does crossing over refer to

A

In the gamete (sex cells) chromosomes next to each other great at one or more points along the length and exchange segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which process ensures siblings differ even though they come from the same genes

A

Meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What effects the likelihood of identical twins occurring

A

Environmental influences, temperature changes, oxygen levels, late fertilisation of the ovum, genetic influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Non-red hair is dominant. An individual with red hair has which type of allele

A

An homozygous allel for red hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

X-linked disorders are more commonly found in males than in females because ——–

A

When a harmful allel is carried on the X chromosome their is no chance of this being cancelled out by a more dominant gene on the other X chromosome as for women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the effect of ionising radiation on DNA

A

Can cause mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is polygenic inheritance

A

Many genes determine the characteristic in question: height, weight, intelligence, personality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When do chromosomal defects occur

A

During meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is one chromosomal abnormality

A

Down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main effect of a sex chromosome disorder

A

Specific intellectual problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which is the safest form of prenatal diagnosis

A

Maternal blood analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

By the fourth day after conception, the developing organism is/has:

A

Blastocyst is formed

17
Q

What are the three phases of prenatal development

A

Zygote, embryo, fetus

18
Q

During prenatal development in which period do the most rapid prenatal changes take place

A

The embryo

19
Q

What is the term for an environmental agent that can cause damage in the prenatal period

20
Q

During which trimester does the cerebral cortex, neural networks, and personality begins to emerge

A

Third trimester

21
Q

Which common drugs can affect, low birth weight and death at time of birth, poorer motor development, lower intelligence test scores in early childhood.

A

Regular use of aspirin

22
Q

The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome are reversible: true or false

23
Q

What is the effect of taking folic acid supplements around the time of conception

A

Significantly reduces the risk of neural tube abnormality such as spina bifida

24
Q

What does research on maternal age provide

A

Women in their 30s have the same risk of having babies with chromosomal abnormalities as women in their 20s thereafter complication rates increase with a sharp rise amongst women 50 to 55

25
What happens during the mother's contractions to help the baby adapt to the trauma of birth
The baby produces stress hormones which is adaptive as it helps the baby withstand oxygen deprivation, arouse the infant to alertness, prepare the baby to breathe
26
What does the Agpar score indicate
Above seven, good condition; 4 to 6, requires help in establishing breathing and other vital signs: three or below extreme danger
27
What is the evidence for water births
Shorter labour and lower rate of episiotomy
28
What is the effect of incompatible RH types for subsequent births
Anoxia, reduced supply of oxygen
29
About how much of the difference in genetic make up explain the variation in intelligence
Around half
30
What is reaction range
Genetically determined response to the environment
31
What is canalisation
Tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes
32
What is it epigenesis
Bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment