cognition and language Flashcards
Frontal and Parietal lobes
• Attention
Parietal Lobes
Visuospatial
Frontal and Temporal Lobes
Language
• Executive function
Frontal Lobes
Temporal and Frontal lobes
Memory
• Area of cortex between frontal and occipital lobes
parietal lobe
Principle regions of parietal lobe
• post-central gyrus • superior parietal lobule • supramarginal gyrus • angular gyrus
Processes and integrates somatosensory and visual information
parietal lobe
parietal lobes
Processes sensations
and guidance of movement
“Gerstmann’s Syndrome.”
• Lesion usually in angular and supramarginal gyri
Left parietal lobe damage
• right-left confusion, dysgraphia, dyscalculia
“Gerstmann’s Syndrome.”
finger agnosia.
“Gerstmann’s Syndrome.”
Right parietal lobe damage
Neglect of contralateral side of body or space
Difficulty making things (constructional apraxia)
Denial of deficits (anosagnosia)
Right parietal lobe damage
• Sensory Thresholds • Prosopagnosia•
other symptoms of parietal lobes damage
• Inability to locate and recognize parts of the body or self
other symptoms of parietal lobes damage
• Neglect of visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli on the side of the body opposite to the lesion
Contralateral Neglect
defective sensation and perception and
defective attention
cause Contralateral Neglect
Temporal Lobe
below the Sylvian fissure and anterior to occipital cortex
Temporal lobe
amgydala, limbic cortex, and hippocampus
Temporal Lobe
auditory and gustatory areas
• Inputs from all sensory modalities, parietal and frontal lobes,
Temporal Lobe
input from ventral visual stream, limbic structures and basal ganglia
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke’s area
Temporal Lobe
Comprehension of language
Wernicke’s area of temporal lobe
Processing of auditory input
Primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe
Learning and memory
Hippocampus and Amygdala of Temporal lobe
• Lesion in superior temporal gyrus
Wernicke’s Aphasia
• Comprehension of speech is impaired
• Comprehension of speech is impaired
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Speech is: –
fluent but meaningless (word salad) –
devoid of any content –
neologisms
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Content ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense
Wernicke’s Aphasia
The ability to encode, store, retain, recall and recognize information
Memory
Memory
duration of memories and formation and retrieval of information
Four types of memory based on
duration of retention
Sensory memory •
200-500 ms after input is perceived
– Working memory •
Focuses on the processing of briefly stored information
– Short-term memory •
Holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory •
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
Three stages in the formation and retrieval of memory:
Encoding storage retrieval
• Processing and combining received information
encoding
• Creation of a permanent record of the encoded information
storage
• Calling back stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity
Recognition
Recall
Hippocampus
Consolidates memories
• Critical structure for explicit memory
hippocampus
Hippocampus
Made permanent before stored elsewhere
Hippocampus
curved sheet of cortex in the medial temporal lobe
Hipocampus
amygdala to the splenium of the corpus callosum
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Subiculum
CA (cornu ammonis) subfields
Entorhinal Cortex (EC)
Main input to HC and a target of hippocampal output
severe anterograde amnesia
Bilateral removal of the hippocampus; patient was unable to form new memories of facts or events
Bilateral removal of the hippocampus
• Past, early memories were intact
• Mirror Drawing Task with Case of Patient HM
H.M.ʼs performance does improve on this task
BUT Doesnʼt remember ever completing the task
A collection of nuclei located at the anterior end of the hippocampus
Amygdala
Efferents of amygdala
project to the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
Visceral inputs, particularly olfactory inputs, are especially prominent
to amygdala
• Involved in memories of emotional, olfactory and visceral events
Amygdala
Amygdala Sends impulses to hypothalamus for activation of the —- —– —–
sympathetic nervous system
associating sensory stimuli with appropriate emotion response
and Also involved in sense of smell
amygdala
Stroke in Hippocampus and/or Amygdala
• Profound memory impairments
Impaired ability to determine and identify emotional significance of stimuli or events
