basal ganglia

Question 1

The basal ganglia (basal nuclei) are a group of —– ——nuclei.

Answer 1

The basal ganglia (basal nuclei) are a group of functionally related nuclei.

Question 2

Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)

Answer 2

located in diencephalon

Question 3

Substantia Nigra (SN)

Compact Part (SNc) and Reticular Part (SNr)

Answer 3

in midbrain

Question 4

Dopaminergic neurons

Answer 4

are located in dorsal part of the substantia nigra

(cmpact part

Question 5

also located medially in ventral tegmental area.

Answer 5

Dopaminergic neurons

Question 6

The substantia nigra (reticular part) functions with the

—–as the output from the —-.

Answer 6

The substantia nigra (reticular part) functions with the GPi as the output from the BG.

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

ventral region of continuity btwn caudate and putamen

Answer 8

striatum

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

lenticular nucleus

Answer 10

putamen

gpe

gpi

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

dopamine

Answer 12

“reward system

Question 13

cognition processes and control of movements.

Answer 13

dopamine

Question 14

dopamine

Answer 14

enjoyment and pleasure, which reinforces and motivates

Question 15

extrapyramidal system”

Answer 15

describes the nuclei and pathways of the BG

termed in 1900 by early 1900s Kinnier Wilson

Question 16

influences motor and non motor sysem

Answer 16

basal ganglia

Question 17

A lesion to —- —— of the BG will disrupt movement

Answer 17

A lesion to one or more of the BG will disrupt movement

Question 18

Absence of spontaneous movement/ slowness of movement

Inability to inhibit unwanted movements

Answer 18

A lesion to one or more of the BG

Question 19

TF BG directly innervate LMNs in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei;

Answer 19

F BG do NOT directly innervate LMNs in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei;

Question 20

TF lesion to one or more of the BG produce paralysis

Answer 20

lesion to one or more of the BG does not produce paralysis

Question 21

tf BG only influence motor actions

Answer 21

t BG only influence motor actions

Question 22

Hypokinetic Disorder

Answer 22

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 23

loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc

Answer 23

Parkinson’s Disease a hypokinetic disease

Question 24

Akinesia/Bradykinesia: without (difficulty initiating) movement/ slowness of movement

Answer 24

Hypokinetic Disorder

Question 25

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 25

Rigidity: increase in muscle tone

Question 26

Resting tremor:

Answer 26

rhythmic involuntary movement at rest

in Parkinson’s Disease

Question 27

Hypokinetic Disorder like parkinsons dispkay

Answer 27

Postural instability

Question 28

Chorea:

Answer 28

rapid, abrupt and random movements (limbs, face)

Hyperkinetic Disorders

Question 29

Athetosis:

Answer 29

slow, writhing movements

Hyperkinetic Disorders

Question 30

Hyperkinetic Disorders

Answer 30

Types of abnormal involuntary movements

Question 31

Ballism(“ballistic movement ”)

Answer 31

:violent, large-amplitude mvmts

hyperkinetic disease

Question 32

Huntington’s Disease (HD

Answer 32

progressive degeneration of projection neurons and local circuit neurons in the caudate and putamen.

Question 33

TF in huntington;s disease a Hyperkinetic Disorders;

Neurons that give rise to the indirect pathway are preferentially lost.

Answer 33

F Neurons that give rise to the indirect pathway are preferentially lost.

Question 34

extensive —– projections to the striatum;

Answer 34

extensive cortical projections to the striatum;

Question 35

recivees info from cortical association areas and has a role in cognitive functions

Answer 35

Caudate

Question 36

Putamen

Answer 36

input from motor and somatosensory cortices

influences motor output.

Question 37

info from limbic cortex, hippocampus and amygdala

Answer 37

N. Accumben

Question 38

emotional and behavioral functions.

Answer 38

N. Accumbens

Question 40

cognitive functions

Answer 40

Dorsolateral prefrontal Loop:

Question 41

motor output.

Answer 41

motor loop

Question 42

Orbitofrontal loop:

Answer 42

planning and initiating socially appropriate actions

Question 43

Limbic loop

Answer 43

emotional and behavioral functions.

Question 44

Oculomotor loop:

Answer 44

control of orientation and gaze.