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anatomy block 4 > basal ganglia part 2 > Flashcards

basal ganglia part 2 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

general loop structure

A

Cortex 2 BG 2 Thalamus 2 Cortex

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3
Q

Motor Loop

A

putamen of BG(step 2)

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4
Q

ventral caudate (C) and n. accumbens(step 2)

A

Orbitofrontal loop

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5
Q

nucleus accumbens (A) and other BG nuclei

A

Limbic loop:

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6
Q

caudate (C) and other BG

A

Oculomotor loop and Dorsolateral prefrontal Loop:

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7
Q

cortical neurons project to the —– where glutamate is released.

A

cortical neurons project to the striatum where glutamate is released.

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8
Q

—— neurons in the substantia nigra, ——- project to the striatum

A

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNc) project to the striatum

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9
Q

—– projections provide an important pathway for the modulation of the —– and —— pathways

A

nigrostriatal projections provide an important pathway for the modulation of the direct and indirect pathways

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10
Q

Di +

A

Direct pathway: facilitates motor (or cognitive) programs

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11
Q

D2, –

A

Indirect pathway: inhibits the execution of competing motor programs

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12
Q

Direct pathway by D1 +

A

GPi/ SNr

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13
Q

Indirect pathway

A

D2-

–>GPe

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14
Q

excited by dopamine and project to Gpi

A

(direct pathway)

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15
Q

Striatal neurons with D1 receptors are excited by

A

Striatal neurons with D1 receptors are excited by dopamine

(direct pathway)

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16
Q

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors are inhibited

A

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors are inhibited by dopamine

(indirect pathway)

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17
Q

project to Gpe

A

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors

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18
Q

dopaminergic projections

A

lost in Parkinson’s disease.

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19
Q

Increased Activity of the Direct Pathway Occurs in the Presence of

Direct Pathway

A

Glutamate and Dopamine

20
Q

inc GABA in GPi/ SNr from striatum

A

decreased GABA release in the thalamus

Direct path

21
Q

low GABA put in from (GPi/SNr) ; more Glu excreted from

22
Q

more glu neurons from thalamus

A

more glu neurons from motor cortex(CC)

Direct pathway

23
Q

1.Dopamine released from SN leads to —– of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.

Direct path

A

1.Dopamine released from SN leads to inhibition of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.

24
Q

STN in direct pathwya

25
Q

decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

A

caused from 3. Increased GABA levels in STN

(Direct pathway)

26
Q

decreased GABA release into thalamus

A

b/c of Reduced excitation of GPi /SNr-GABAergic neurons

27
Q

tf in the direct path

STN has inc firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

A

STN has decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

28
Q

tf dopaminergic neurons only relased from

29
Q

leff; more ;less

direct path

A

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.;

GPe neurons are disinhibited, leading to increased GABA levels in STN

Increased GABA levels in STN causes decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

30
Q

Glutamate released from corticostriatal fibers leads to ——–activity of—– neurons projecting from striatum to GPe

indirect path

A

Glutamate released from corticostriatal fibers leads to increased activity of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe

31
Q

inhibition of GPe neurons

A

indirect path

occurs from Activation of GABAergic projections from striatum to GPe

32
Q

disinhibition of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

indirect pathway

A

from Inhibition of GPe neurons

33
Q

Gpi/SNr - GABAergic neurons excited

A

in indirect pathway3

34
Q

inc GABA release in indirect pathway from

A

Striatum

and (GPi/SNr)

35
Q

inhibited glutamatergic projections in indirect path

A

Thalamus (VA,VL)

and motor cortex

36
Q

Increased Activity of the Indirect Pathway

A

presense Glutamate (absence of dopamine)

37
Q

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in SNc

A

Parkinson’s Disease

38
Q

Dopamine inhibits

A

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe

39
Q

Dopamine excites

A

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPi

40
Q

lesion of the subthalamic nucleus

A

resulting hyperkinesia

41
Q

less Glu from STN and less GABA from GBI

A

hyperkinesia

42
Q

more GABA from striatum and GPI/SNR

A

indirect pathway and hyperkinesia

45
Q

Degeneration of neurons in caudate and putamen

(indirect pathway)

A

Huntington’s Disease/ Huntington’s Chorea

excess movement

46
Q

GABA D2 not stimulated much

A

Huntington’s Chorea

anatomy block 4 (16 decks)

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